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From: Jim Martin <MartinJA_at_DSMCOPO.COM>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] St. Elmo's Fire ---> Lightening -Reply
Date: Tue, 05 May 1998 08:28:29 -0500
Don't worry about coductivity. There is no way to insulate from the high
voltage. Remember it has enough voltage to arc across thousands for
feet of air. It takes roughly 18,000 volts to arc a fraction of an inch. The
problem with being on the water in a lighting storm is your the highest
point. i.e. the one electrode in a circuit. 

I saw a really good article about lighting protection for boats in a past
issue of Wooden Boat. Basically there's nothing you can do in a kayak
besides get off the water however this article did have some interesting
information about larger boats esp sail boats. Properly rigged as sail
boat is safe in a lightling storm if you stay off the rigging and don't touch
the cables and mast. 

If any one is interested in the particular Wooden Boat Issue, E-mail me
and I'll tell you which issue it was. I would have included it in this post
however my issues are at home and I'm not there.

Jim

>>> Dave Kruger <dkruger_at_seasurf.com> 05/05/98 05:03am >>>
Bob Denton wrote:
> 
> I wonder if Carbon Fiber is a positive or negative feature (no pun
> intended) in a lightning storm.

Probably not a significantly better conductor than a wet (with water)
glass/epoxy shaft, but I don't know the specific conductance of a
carbon
fiber/epoxy laminate.  Maybe that "Lightning!" paddle guy will know --
he makes 'em, after all!

-- 
Dave Kruger
Astoria, OR
sea kayaker -- and chemist
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From: Dave Kruger <dkruger_at_seasurf.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] St. Elmo's Fire ---> Lightening -Reply
Date: Tue, 05 May 1998 07:45:47 -0700
Jim Martin wrote:
> 
> Don't worry about coductivity. There is no way to insulate from the high
> voltage. Remember it has enough voltage to arc across thousands for
> feet of air. It takes roughly 18,000 volts to arc a fraction of an inch. The
> problem with being on the water in a lighting storm is your the highest
> point. i.e. the one electrode in a circuit.
[snip]

> >>> Dave Kruger <dkruger_at_seasurf.com> 05/05/98 05:03am >>>
> Bob Denton wrote:
> >
> > I wonder if Carbon Fiber is a positive or negative feature (no pun
> > intended) in a lightning storm.
> 
> Probably not a significantly better conductor than a wet (with water)
> glass/epoxy shaft, but I don't know the specific conductance of a
> carbon fiber/epoxy laminate.  

Well, Jim, not to put too fine a point on this pencil, but I suspect the
conductivity of the stick we swing over our heads *might* make a
difference.  Here's the physics, as I understand it:  When a voltage
(potential) difference builds up between cloud and ground (preparatory
to a lightning strike between the two), the distribution of the
intensity of the electric field along the ground will partially
(entirely?) determine the point on the ground the lightning strikes.  If
there is a pointed object *which readily conducts electricity* sticking
up, the local electric field off the tip of the pointed object is more
intense than it is on the surrounding, flat, relatively nonconductive
surface.  This means the pointed object is much more likely to take the
hit, as the "step leader" arcs down from the cloud, "searching" for the
path of least resistance.  This is one of the reasons lightning
arresters on the tops of buildings are purposely pointed and made of
conducting metal electrically connected to ground.  A *nonconductive*
pointed object, especially one without a good conductive path to ground,
thus is less likely to be the struck object by a lightning bolt.

I think your assertion is correct that it makes no difference what you
are holding on to *once the bolt has chosen you*:  It could be a long,
air-filled party balloon, and it would get ionized and turned to plasma
just like the air the stroke passed through on its way down.  I think,
on the other hand, holding a long, pointed, conductive rod to the sky
makes it *more likely* the bolt will pick you or your location.  Re: the
original question:  I question whether carbon fiber laminates are
significantly more conductive than glass fiber laminates -- and doubt
the difference is enough to increase the chance a strike will hit a
carbon fiber shaft.

I'm not a physics guy, but I think this is correct.  I'd be happy to be
corrected if I'm wrong, however -- THAT happens a lot!  I'm copying this
to Les Uhrich, physics instructor up near Tacoma, for his scrutiny, in
case I've got it wrong.  What say, Les?

-- 
Dave Kruger
Astoria, OR
chemist
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From: Les Uhrich <luhrich_at_pierce.ctc.edu>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] St. Elmo's Fire ---> Lightening -Reply
Date: Tue, 05 May 1998 08:22:06 -0700
>From what I read below, your physics looks correct.  In order for an
electric field to build to critical levels (for discharge), charges will
have to build up (move) so as to concentrate enough charge separation
(between, say, clouds and your paddle, to build up enough potential
difference to break down air (a very good insulator) and turn it into a
conductor (lightning).  It would help to have a metal paddle to assist the
charge flows.
The dielectric strength (the maximum voltage separation before breakdown)
of DRY air is 3 million volts per meter.  I could not find anything on
carbon fiber or fiberglass but for polystyrene (component in fiberglass?)
it is 24 million V/m. 
I could not find any information on the conductivity of Carbon-fiber or
fiberglass but carbon, itself, is a conductor.  If carbon fiber is a
conductor, this would make a fairly good lightning rod. 

Regards,
Les Uhrich
Physics Instructor

At 07:45 AM 5/5/98 -0700, Dave Kruger wrote:
>Jim Martin wrote:
>> 
>> Don't worry about coductivity. There is no way to insulate from the high
>> voltage. Remember it has enough voltage to arc across thousands for
>> feet of air. It takes roughly 18,000 volts to arc a fraction of an inch.
The
>> problem with being on the water in a lighting storm is your the highest
>> point. i.e. the one electrode in a circuit.
>[snip]
>
>> >>> Dave Kruger <dkruger_at_seasurf.com> 05/05/98 05:03am >>>
>> Bob Denton wrote:
>> >
>> > I wonder if Carbon Fiber is a positive or negative feature (no pun
>> > intended) in a lightning storm.
>> 
>> Probably not a significantly better conductor than a wet (with water)
>> glass/epoxy shaft, but I don't know the specific conductance of a
>> carbon fiber/epoxy laminate.  
>
>Well, Jim, not to put too fine a point on this pencil, but I suspect the
>conductivity of the stick we swing over our heads *might* make a
>difference.  Here's the physics, as I understand it:  When a voltage
>(potential) difference builds up between cloud and ground (preparatory
>to a lightning strike between the two), the distribution of the
>intensity of the electric field along the ground will partially
>(entirely?) determine the point on the ground the lightning strikes.  If
>there is a pointed object *which readily conducts electricity* sticking
>up, the local electric field off the tip of the pointed object is more
>intense than it is on the surrounding, flat, relatively nonconductive
>surface.  This means the pointed object is much more likely to take the
>hit, as the "step leader" arcs down from the cloud, "searching" for the
>path of least resistance.  This is one of the reasons lightning
>arresters on the tops of buildings are purposely pointed and made of
>conducting metal electrically connected to ground.  A *nonconductive*
>pointed object, especially one without a good conductive path to ground,
>thus is less likely to be the struck object by a lightning bolt.
>
>I think your assertion is correct that it makes no difference what you
>are holding on to *once the bolt has chosen you*:  It could be a long,
>air-filled party balloon, and it would get ionized and turned to plasma
>just like the air the stroke passed through on its way down.  I think,
>on the other hand, holding a long, pointed, conductive rod to the sky
>makes it *more likely* the bolt will pick you or your location.  Re: the
>original question:  I question whether carbon fiber laminates are
>significantly more conductive than glass fiber laminates -- and doubt
>the difference is enough to increase the chance a strike will hit a
>carbon fiber shaft.
>
>I'm not a physics guy, but I think this is correct.  I'd be happy to be
>corrected if I'm wrong, however -- THAT happens a lot!  I'm copying this
>to Les Uhrich, physics instructor up near Tacoma, for his scrutiny, in
>case I've got it wrong.  What say, Les?
>
>-- 
>Dave Kruger
>Astoria, OR
>chemist
>
>


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