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From: Colin Calder <c.j.calder_at_abdn.ac.uk>
subject: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1999 10:22:21 +0100
Jack Martin wrote some interesting stuff about radar reflectors.

There have been a series of articles on the subject recently in Practical Boat
Owner magazine. During the course of the articles a number of commercial passive
reflectors were tested on a sailing yacht for radar visibility from a large
commercial power vessel - the conclusions as far as I recall were that these
passive reflectors at best made virtually no improvement to the radar reflection
of the yacht, and in several cases actually reduced the reflection. This caused
some consternation, and the reflectors were taken to a military radar test
facility, where it was found that in certain circumstances they could cause
interference which cancelled radar reflections from the yacht itself!

I would guess that if a reflector up a 50ft mast doesn't help, its not going to do
much on a kayak/paddler which is completely (at least from sea level) obscured
when  sitting in the trough of waves bigger than say 3-4 ft. Stealth kayak! -  I
would assume that you are invisible to the eyes and radar (if anyone is actually
looking at it) of other craft.

I personally don't have much concern about being run down by commercial vessels
(kayaks are pretty much the only craft which tend/are capable of nosing around/in
the local sea cliffs where I do maybe 90% of my paddling). However, I wonder
whether some sort of active transponder would give kayaks a noticeable radar
signature. As a research student I spent some time at a wildlife field station
radio tracking deer. At this time (~1990) active radar transponders were being
tested for wildlife telemetry/tracking. Units were fitted to pink footed geese.
Geese obviously swan (sic) around somewhat higher above the water than kayaks (at
least those which aren't equipped by inflatable crotch dirigibles) but as far as I
remember you could follow geese fitted with transponders around quite effectively
(at least when they were airborne) over the range of a standard marine radar
outfit. GPS/satellite transponders came on the scene about the same time for
wildlife telemetry and I haven't heard anything more about the use of radar, but
the units were obviously relatively small and light if they could be carried by
birds (I assume <5% of the body weight of a goose)- presumably because most of the
weight would be the battery, which can be relatively small because the unit only
transmits when it receives incoming radar.

This may have already been tried on kayaks/boats, I don't know, but food for
thought.

Cheers

Colin Calder
57º19'N  2º10'W






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From: <JCMARTIN43_at_aol.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Thu, 21 Oct 1999 09:54:20 EDT
Chuck Sutherland wrote, "A group of us once paddled in heavy fog among islands on the coast of Maine.  A Coast Guard boat loomed up from the mist and suggested we 
stay out of the channel.  They said we were only barely detectable with their hotshot radar, and would likely be entirely undetectable by average marine radar systems on private yachts. We encountered this patrol in an area of dead flat calm water."  Chuck has asked about ideas on radar visibility for kayaks.

We have bounced this subject around before on PW, and there was a pretty comprehensive article done in Sea Kayaker a while back --- don't have the date --- which, from memory, indicated that there were no viable means to enhance a kayak hull's radar cross-section, its radar visibility to an oncoming ship; however, there are commercial metal or metalized foam three dimensional radar reflectors available at boating supply stores (~$15-20) which, if mounted on a nominal four to six foot mast on the after deck of the kayak, will provide some enhanced passive visibility for a kayak.  (All this assumes that an oncoming vessel operator is (1) looking at his scope, and (2) is seriously concerned about a very small blip on his screen --- the argument being that he may be far more concerned about a blip indicating the presence of something bigger and meaner than himself --- like Nova Scotia or something.  But that's a different thread.)

An option to this for deep-pocketed kayakers --- or maybe trip operators or instructors with insurance concerns --- is a Search and Rescue Transponder (SART).  SARTs basically monitor radar frequencies and, when they are swept by a radar signal, answer back to that radar transmitter that there's something there.  You will not resemble a Canadian province, but you will certainly indicate your presence to the oncoming vessel.  Re the "deep pockets" issue: a SART is going to run between $1200 and $1500 (US).

A cheaper option is one of the inflatable assistance widgets sited in Sea Kayaker in April 1998, the Sea Bouy (see www.seakayakermag.com/apr98/inflatdev.htm).  This is a diver's device which inflates into a four foot international orange cylinder with retroreflective tape at the top and a radar reflective element in the top.  Mounted to a kayak's rear deck, this widget could provide a quick inflating "mast" and some passive radar protection (said to provide a one mile indication in an independent boating magazine's test).  The price tag on this guy is somewhere around $100 (from memory).  Again, the oncoming vessel has to be looking and concerned --- both big assumptions.  (And this doesn't even address the idea of recovering the kayak from a knock-down with a six foot mast or a four foot inflatable cylinder above your after deck!  Other serious safety issues here.)

Bottom line: I have used boat store radar reflectors in nighttime tests of search and rescue (SAR) equipment in open ocean scenarios in the past; mounted to a bouy at a nominal three foot height above water level in two to three foot seas, these things were marginally effective inside a one mile radius --- and we were definitely watching for them on the vessel's radar because they were attached to several thousand dollars worth of equipment which we wanted to recover at the end of the evening!  My guess is that passive radar reflectors at heights above water which a kayak could conceivably provide would be, at best, marginal.  Better than nothing?  Sure.  Good if the Coast Guard is out there actively searching for you?  Definitely.  Valuable to a kayaker skirting or crossing a channel in fog?  Dunno --- wouldn't bet my life on it.  Better bet?  A SART for the instructor's boat, keeping the flotilla in close formation.  Best bet?  Stay out of the fog altogether.

My somewhat more than two cents.

Jack
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From: <rdiaz_at_ix.netcom.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Thu, 21 Oct 1999 10:21:06 -0700
JCMARTIN43_at_aol.com wrote:
> 
> Chuck Sutherland wrote, "A group of us once paddled in heavy fog among islands on the coast of Maine.SNIPPED  Chuck has asked about ideas on radar visibility for kayaks.
LONG DISCUSSION BY JACK SNIPPED
> My somewhat more than two cents.
> 
> Jack

Let's face it, you are duck soup in fog.  You're best staying off the
water in trafficked areas in fog, period.  Even if this means adjusting
your schedule to wait out the fog.  If it descends on you while on open
water, get to anything you can that is solid such as some rocks or a
bouy and stay there til things clear even if it takes half a day.

One of my scariest times ever on the water was on an Albany to NY Hudson
River trip on the day at mid-point where we started off one early
morning in such thick fog that we could hardly see 3 feet past our bow. 
Going down river, we constantly bumped into the shore on each side like
a ball in a pinball machine, so blind were we.  I kept expecting some
cement barge and tug from the factories near Cementtown NY to run us
down in this early morning fog.  In hindsight, we should have stayed at
our campsite, drank more coffee, worked on knot-tying etc. and waited
for the thing to lift a bit.

Forget about reflectors, etc.; they won't work for all the reasons
stated by Jack, most particularly that they make such a some blip on a
radar screen that only the most microscopic-eyed operator would spot
it...most like it would be dismissed as a quark in the system.

ralph diaz
-- 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ralph Diaz . . . Folding Kayaker newsletter
PO Box 0754, New York, NY 10024
Tel: 212-724-5069; E-mail: rdiaz_at_ix.netcom.com
"Where's your sea kayak?"----"It's in the bag."
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From: Dan Hagen <dan_at_hagen.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1999 07:45:11 -0700
Colin Calder wrote:

> ...<snip>...
> I personally don't have much concern about being run down by commercial vessels
> (kayaks are pretty much the only craft which tend/are capable of nosing around/in
> the local sea cliffs where I do maybe 90% of my paddling). However, I wonder
> whether some sort of active transponder would give kayaks a noticeable radar
> signature. 
> ...

Pains Wessex makes a relatively compact marine radar transponder:

http://www.pwss.com/products/xponders/rte.htm

However it is very expensive, and while relatively compact, it is still
a bit larger than is desirable for use on a kayak. Given this, and given
that I paddle mainly in areas where larger boats fear to tread, I have
not been tempted to buy one. But if I paddled in New York I might be
tempted, given some of Ralph's stories of heavy ship traffic (and
mystery barges) rumbling about in the fog.

Dan Hagen
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From: <RBHoltKayak_at_aol.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1999 11:24:43 EDT
    Maybe the Raytheon guy who is on the list can inquire into the 
feasability of a lightweight combination GPS/Radar Target Enhancer?  Here's 
another feature to add to the wish list: a PWC deflector shield.  Better yet, 
a remote PWC disabling device!  
        
                                    Robb
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From: James Lofton <n5yyx_at_etsc.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1999 09:03:34 -0700
RBHoltKayak_at_aol.com wrote:
> 
>     Maybe the Raytheon guy who is on the list can inquire into the
> feasability of a lightweight combination GPS/Radar Target Enhancer?  Here's
> another feature to add to the wish list: a PWC deflector shield.  Better yet,
> a remote PWC disabling device!
> 
>                                     Robb

While we're dreaming up ideals.

In my biking days, I always thought it would be nice to be able to "look" 
like a mac truck coming. I guess the modern kayaker needs a hologram 
projector that will make you look like a navy gun boat!

James, dreaming about looking like a aircraft carrier on our local lake.

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From: Philip Torrens <skerries_at_hotmail.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Kayak Radar visibility
Date: Fri, 22 Oct 1999 09:24:17 PDT
>From: Dan Hagen <dan_at_hagen.net>

>Pains Wessex makes a relatively compact marine radar transponder:
>
>http://www.pwss.com/products/xponders/rte.htm
>
>However it is very expensive, and while relatively compact, it is still
>a bit larger than is desirable for use on a kayak.

The unit itself looks relatively compact, but the reference to leads 
strongly suggests it is not self-contained, but runs off your 12-volt marine 
battery (as found in every kayak:-) . I'd be worried about running down my 
battery and not having enough juice for the Rule 500 pump and the drinks 
blender...

Philip Torrens
N49°16' W123°06'

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