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From: <skimmer_at_mail.enter.net>
subject: [Paddlewise] How and when
Date: Tue, 2 Nov 1999 20:12:41 4
Bikers know that if they ram their heads into the ground, they can 
donate their organs to folks that need them.  It is their knowing choice 
freely made.

Novice paddlers going out in shirt sleeves on cold water and without 
PFDs etc. are guilty of ignorance.  They bought their gear or rented 
same and were told nothing.  The unwashed American public believes 
that cold water is lots of fun- they have seen the polarbear swimmers 
doing it in the NEW  YORK TIMES--- It MUST BE OK !!


Standard boating courses for the Public run by Coast Guard Aux. or 
Power Squadrons don't ram these cold water lessons home. They don't 
believe it themselves.

So, again,  address the question.   Do we who are experts give the 
novices our expertise?

Chuck Sutherland

http://www.enter.net/~skimmer
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From: <dmccarty_at_us.ibm.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] How and when
Date: Wed, 3 Nov 1999 17:31:47 -0500
|Bikers know that if they ram their heads into the ground, they can
|donate their organs to folks that need them.  It is their knowing choice
|freely made.

|Novice paddlers going out in shirt sleeves on cold water and without
|PFDs etc. are guilty of ignorance.  They bought their gear or rented
|same and were told nothing.  The unwashed American public believes
|that cold water is lots of fun- they have seen the polarbear swimmers
|doing it in the NEW  YORK TIMES--- It MUST BE OK !!

<snip>

|So, again,  address the question.   Do we who are experts give the
|novices our expertise?

|Chuck Sutherland

Ring Ring, Chuck you get the Gold Star.  I've not had a chance to get into
the thread, unitl now, 8-), but you said my thoughts exactly.

If you ride a bike, with or without a motor, you do know if you fall and
hit your head you will have a problem.  It IS intuitive.  The danger of
cold water is not something people are aware.  They just dont know.  They
are ignorant.  People are also ignorant of waves, tides, currents, rips,
boomers, etc.  I was totally ignorant of many of these things and now I'm
just above ignorant because of Paddlewise. Boomers is the last ocean
phenonmenon that I have learned about from this list.  All these things I
mention can get a paddler into a situation that will kill them.  How is the
average 'yakker going to now?  My wife and I have read numerous books and
magazines on kayaking but there is so much to be learned.  Most people
don't know about or have access to this list which is the best Continuing
Ed class I have ever taken!  8-)  So again how are they going to learn?
The answer is from people sharing information and experience.

A biker knows falling off is going to be bad news, a new kayker ain't got a
clue that the cold water at 50 degrees is deadly.  We control so much of
our own environment on a daily basis that people assume that our systems
and machines are always working and present.  This is not true once one
gets into hiking, camping, kayaking, etc.  But people who are new to these
activities don't have the experience and knowledge to understand the real
world.

Since I think TheGovernment is already to intrusive in our lives as it is,
I would be the last person wanting a law requiring classes and such.
Partly since the classes are not going to even come close to teaching all
that needs to be learned.  Lets not even get into curriculum and who
decides what should be in the class in the first place.  Hince it falls on
the more expericenced and knowlegable kayakers to inform people who might
be doing something dangerous.

So how do you do this?  How about just start talking to the person(s) about
kayaking, where they got the boat(s), how long have they been doing this,
etc.  Once you start talking you can talk about BadBehaviorX.  Just don't
get uppity.  For it as a question such as, "Have you ever heard the 50/50
rule for cold water?"  Or "Do you know what a dry/wet suit is for and why
you might want to wear one."  The use of might instead of should makes a
difference.....

Back to motorcycles.  I don't ride.  Scared to death of the being hit by
the four wheeled machines.  But I don't think there should be helmet laws.
If you want to ride without a helmet you have to justify this to yourself
and family.  Not me.  Not my business.  Car & Driver had an editorial piece
a couple of issues back on helmet laws.  It seems that the death/serious
injury rates are LOWER in states that DO NOT have helmet laws.  The
comparisons where both by number of riders as well as the rate of riders
per miles driven.  Go figure.

My more than 2 cents....
Dan McCarty.


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From: 735769 <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 1999 07:47:23 -0500
Dan wrote;

(SNIP)

>
> Back to motorcycles.  I don't ride.  Scared to death of the being hit by
> the four wheeled machines.  But I don't think there should be helmet laws.
> If you want to ride without a helmet you have to justify this to yourself
> and family.  Not me.  Not my business.  Car & Driver had an editorial
piece
> a couple of issues back on helmet laws.  It seems that the death/serious
> injury rates are LOWER in states that DO NOT have helmet laws.  The
> comparisons where both by number of riders as well as the rate of riders
> per miles driven.  Go figure.
>

This has to do with something called risk homeostasis. Basically the theory
says that each person has a comfortable level of risk. If they perceive they
have greater safety they increase their level of risk until they reach their
comfort level (and vice versa). Thus, if paddlers (or motorcycle drivers)
perceive that a device or skill makes them safer they will increase their
levels of risk thus increasing their chance of an accident and, more often
than not, will increase the probable severity of an accident..

Despite all the modern safety devices on automobiles our level of safety
hasn't really changed. We drive faster and more aggressively and get into
more and more serious accidents.

This does not mean that safety devices etc. do not save lives. they do -  if
you have an accident. Unfortunately they often also increase your chances of
having an accident as one adjusts the comfort level to suit the increased
perception of safety. One has to differentiate between reactive safety and
active safety. Decorating yourself and boat with safety equipment and rescue
skills and going out in scary conditions with a high risk of capsize or
danger is reactive safety as it kicks in only after things go wrong. Looking
at conditions and staying ashore to read a book is active safety because you
have reduced the possibility of an accident.

Does this mean you should not use safety devices? No. It means that the
device may offer no net increase in safety unless your level of risk remains
constant. In short, to increase real safety you want to increase your level
of safety but decrease your perception of safety. By all means, wear your
wet suit (life jacket, etc.) but stay ashore if you think you might need to
use it.

>From this one can see a hint at the problem with giving people "good
advice". If they do not perceive an appropriate level of danger your advice
falls on deaf ears. Often the perception of safety far exceeds real safety.

Dr. Gerald Wilde, one of the leading researchers in this field has written a
condensed version of the theory as it applies to outdoor activities that you
can read at http://home.ican.net/~735769/wilde.htm  . If you find it
interesting you can follow the link to his web site where you will find the
full text of his book "Target Risk" (I think. I have not visited it lately).

Cheers,

John Winters
Redwing Designs
Web site address, http://home.ican.net/~735769

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From: <rdiaz_at_ix.netcom.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Thu, 04 Nov 1999 09:45:44 -0800
735769 (John Winters) wrote:

> This has to do with something called risk homeostasis. Basically the theory
> says that each person has a comfortable level of risk. If they perceive they
> have greater safety they increase their level of risk until they reach their
> comfort level (and vice versa). Thus, if paddlers (or motorcycle drivers)
> perceive that a device or skill makes them safer they will increase their
> levels of risk thus increasing their chance of an accident and, more often
> than not, will increase the probable severity of an accident..
> SNIPPED
> 
> This does not mean that safety devices etc. do not save lives. they do -  if
> you have an accident. Unfortunately they often also increase your chances of
> having an accident as one adjusts the comfort level to suit the increased
> perception of safety. One has to differentiate between reactive safety and
> active safety. Decorating yourself and boat with safety equipment and rescue
> skills and going out in scary conditions with a high risk of capsize or
> danger is reactive safety as it kicks in only after things go wrong. Looking
> at conditions and staying ashore to read a book is active safety because you
> have reduced the possibility of an accident.
> 
> Does this mean you should not use safety devices? No. It means that the
> device may offer no net increase in safety unless your level of risk remains
> constant. In short, to increase real safety you want to increase your level
> of safety but decrease your perception of safety. By all means, wear your
> wet suit (life jacket, etc.) but stay ashore if you think you might need to
> use it.
> 
> >From this one can see a hint at the problem with giving people "good
> advice". If they do not perceive an appropriate level of danger your advice
> falls on deaf ears. Often the perception of safety far exceeds real safety.


I am glad to see John joining in on this discussion with the points he
makes above.  It is a note he has sounded before, only this time it
seems clearer than earlier.

What I get out of this is to make certain to have x number(or quality)
of safety items(and direct knowledge of their use not just reading
knowledge) and paddling skills(good power stroke; bracing and/or
rolling) to deal with situations but allow yourself to only get into
situations that are x minus some factor (with that factor being quite
hefty).  I think it is wrong to match up specific gear/skills with
specific risks.  Give yourself a very wide margin of difference between
the two.  And perhaps look at the gear/skills to help in risky
situations that develop unexpectedly while out on the water rather than
setting off into such conditions.

This is all very abstract sounding.  Look at it as cutting yourself a
lot of slack.  This is different from say the attitude or mindset among
better whitewater paddlers who constantly strive to push the edges of
the envelop of their skills vs. the relative difficulty/risk
classification of the river.  I don't want to get into a prolonged
discussion of whitewater paddling but often the goal of the better
whitewater paddler is to move up in the class rating of whitewater he or
she paddles.  As the WW paddler skills increase and he or she moves up,
the margin for error gets slimmer and slimmer.  Miss that line on a
Class V or VI river or fail to enter that narrow eddy and your life is
in peril. That is why the tendency in whitewater fatalities seems to be
on the two ends of the skill level, i.e. absolute beginners (or rafters)
getting into harder stuff and dying or top paddlers pushing into tougher
and tougher conditions in which the line between safety and catastrophe
is as thin as a hair.  Not much happens in the middle, i.e. Class III
paddlers in Class III waters (except for strainers).

As a general rule, the deaths in seakayaking have tended to be mainly
among the relative novice or completely inexperienced people and the
result of ignorance and inattention.  Unless I am mistaken, I do not
recall any experienced, highly skilled sea kayaker dying (except one
surfing accident).  But all the deaths I do recall in sea kayaking
involved situations such as:

--A handyman working on opening up some summer place for a customer. He
spots a kayak under the house.  Decides to give it a try as the day is
bright and sunny. Never paddled before.  Goes on to 40-45 degree water
with no PFD, no skill, in heavy work clothing and boots.  Tips over and
dies within yards of land.  (I recall about 3 such incidents)

--Relatively unskilled paddlers on camping trips who run into nasty
weather near the end of the trip.  In order to be able to catch a flight
home (and not lose money on the ticket), they opt to go ahead and die on
the water rather than  stay in camp for another day or two. Victims of
the gotta-get-there syndrome (I recall quite a few of those).

--Experienced paddlers who did not pay attention to possible changes
developing in sea conditions.  The classic being what happened to
whatshername in Greenland last year when lurking behind a point of land
were very rough conditions and wind.  It almost happened to JFK Jr. and
his friends in their Scandanavian trip later written up by him for the
NY Times Travel Section.

--Situations where a little knowledge is a dangerous thing, almost
exclusively the domain of relative newcomers. Such is the case of the 2
or 3 who purchased a dry suit but failed to understand its proper use. 
Wound up, among other mistakes, leaving it open, not wearing insulation
underneath.  Tipped over and died.  Or the fellow who felt he should
tether himself to his kayak but perhaps fearing too long a tether made
it only 6 inches long and latched to a fairly taut deck line running the
length of the boat and thus making it impossible for him to get out of
the boat when it tipped.

ralph diaz     
-- 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ralph Diaz . . . Folding Kayaker newsletter
PO Box 0754, New York, NY 10024
Tel: 212-724-5069; E-mail: rdiaz_at_ix.netcom.com
"Where's your sea kayak?"----"It's in the bag."
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

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From: Bob Apter <bapter_at_nwlink.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 1999 08:03:23 -0800
----- Original Message -----
From: 735769 <735769_at_ican.net>
To: <paddlewise_at_lists.intelenet.net>
Sent: Thursday, November 04, 1999 4:47 AM
Subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when


> >
>
> This has to do with something called risk homeostasis. Basically the
theory
> says that each person has a comfortable level of risk. If they perceive
they
> have greater safety they increase their level of risk until they reach
their
> comfort level (and vice versa). Thus, if paddlers (or motorcycle drivers)
> perceive that a device or skill makes them safer they will increase their
> levels of risk thus increasing their chance of an accident and, more often
> than not, will increase the probable severity of an accident..
>
> Despite all the modern safety devices on automobiles our level of safety
> hasn't really changed. We drive faster and more aggressively and get into
> more and more serious accidents.
>

Actually, there has been a significant decline in the total number of deaths
from motor vehicle crashes in the US over the last 20 years or so, and a
much greater decline in the number of deaths per mile travelled.  Granted
other factors may be involved, but it does appear that safety improvements
in autos and roads have made a difference.

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From: <Sandykayak_at_aol.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Thu, 4 Nov 1999 18:07:31 EST
In a message dated 11/04/1999 8:38:59 AM Eastern Standard Time, 
735769_at_ican.net writes:

<< 
 Cheers,
 
 John Winters
 Redwing Designs >>

Himself is back!  Welcome!  Been wondering where you and the Dr. have been 
hiding.

Sandy Kramer
Miami

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From: <Bluecanoe2_at_aol.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 1999 01:05:30 EST
<<  Cheers,
  
  John Winters
  Redwing Designs >>
 
 Himself is back!  Welcome!  Been wondering where you and the Dr. have been 
 hiding.
 
 Sandy Kramer
 Miami >>

Da next tink ya know he is going to cartoon draws a nudder of dem feathered 
Black Birds and push it off as a kayuak or a canoey.  Who Iverbodden herd of 
Black Birds flin' in da water?  Me oh my oh me!

John "Summer"
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From: <Bluecanoe2_at_aol.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 1999 00:59:07 EST
In a message dated 11/4/1999 11:12:53 PM Central Standard Time, 

<< << 
  Cheers,
  
  John Winters
  Redwing Designs >>
 
 Himself is back!  Welcome!  Been wondering where you and the Dr. have been 
 hiding.
 
 Sandy Kramer
 Miami >>


Of course he is back.  Nuttin better 'n to do in da winter than heckle 
southerners (referenced by his whereabouts).

All the liquid water in his neighborhood is solid or getting there.  He don't 
live in Miami ya know!

John



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From: 735769 <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Risk - was How and when
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 1999 07:55:41 -0500
Bob wrote:

>
> Actually, there has been a significant decline in the total number of
deaths
> from motor vehicle crashes in the US over the last 20 years or so, and a
> much greater decline in the number of deaths per mile travelled.  Granted
> other factors may be involved, but it does appear that safety improvements
> in autos and roads have made a difference.


Actually this statistic misleads. While the death rate per mile driven has
declined the death rate per head of population has not shown such desirable
trend. See Chapter 5 of Wilde's Target Risk for a complete discussion of
this.

Safety improvements have increased the odds or survival if you have an
accident. They have not reduced the odds that you will have an accident.

Chuck wrote;
(SNIP)

It may be that as new kayakers enter the sport, the older ones acquire
more experience, knowledge, and skills, thus keeping the pool of people
likely to require assistance relatively constant. If John Winters'
theory of risk homeostasis applied to sea kayaking, one would think that
as each kayaker's level of risk stabilized, the number of incidents
would increase in linear proportion to the population of sea kayakers.
In the Apostles, at least, it does not appear to be true.

(SNIP)

First it is not "My" theory although I wish I could take credit for it. :)

I see any reason why any one area's accident profile should suggest that
risk homeostasis does not apply. I am certain the Apostle Islands have fewer
murders than Detroit but I see no reason why one should conclude that the
murder rate has declined nation wide.

Perhaps Chuck (and others) may have reached hasty conclusions regarding my
post.  The theory of risk homeostasis has to do with
perceptions of safety and responses to that perception. It shows how people
typically respond to risk and perceptions but it also shows how we can
modify that response. Instead of treating symptoms, it suggests treating
causes.

To quote from my previous post;

>Does this mean you should not use safety devices? No. It means that the
>device may offer no net increase in safety unless your level of risk
remains
>constant. In short, to increase real safety you want to increase your level
>of safety but decrease your perception of safety. By all means, wear your
>wet suit (life jacket, etc.) but stay ashore if you think you might need to
>use it.

To rephrase, one can improve ones safety by stabilizing risk at a given
level and "adding" safety through improved skills etc. Perhaps this happens
in the Apostle Islands. Perhaps instructors etc. emphasize a more
appropriate balance between skills and equipment and risk. If so, the
experience in the Apostle Islands supports risk homeostasis.

Ralph provided some good examples of paddlers whose perception of safety
exceeded  their real safety. I like Ralph's use of the phrase "cutting
yourself some slack". To me "cutting yourself some slack" means never having
to use any of your safety devices or having near misses.

In the final analysis, I believe the safest paddlers are those with the most
pessimistic attitude toward the weather, their boats, their skills and their
safety devices.

To get a different feel for how skills affect risk PW readers might want to
read http://home.ican.net/~735769/extra.htm

David Seng wrote;

I'll pass on the ARPEE, I really like paddling alone.

We have some nice deaf mute ARPEE's. You won't even know they are there.
Just consider them a sentient safety device.

Cheers,

John Winters
Redwing Designs
Web site address, http://home.ican.net/~735769


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