Re: [Paddlewise] [PaddleWise] Skin on Frame Boats

From: Peter Chopelas <pac_at_premier1.net>
Date: Mon, 20 Sep 2004 10:57:36 -0700
Nick wrote:

>The loading of a kayak in surf is not the same as to load from dropping
a kayak 6'. This is not to say that SOF boats are weak, or that they
can't be used in surf, only that surviving a drop test is not all that
relevant. A better test would be to put the boat across 2 saw horses
and have someone hop up and down in the cockpit. At least then you
testing with loads similar to those experienced in real use.

I agree that dropping a kayak is not a valid test, but neither is bending it
across two saw horses.  The loading on a hull is more complex and if and
when failure occurs it happens for different reasons at different points on
the hull.  To say one is inherently better is a false comparison, you can
design either a SOF or hard shell as strong as you want it, comparing a
strong SOF to a weak hard-shell (and visaversa) tells you nothing.

The question is how do kayak hulls usually fail?  I have heard of only a few
failing in buckling in surf, and more often from impacts on rocks or other
hard objects.  I have also seen fatigue failure in old and abused hulls.  I
do not know which is more common, and if it is even a big issue with most
kayak owners.  Ramming rocks is not what they were designed for, and not
what most people would consider "normal" use in a sea kayak.

>The likely
region of failure in most long sea kayaks would be in the cockpit area.
I suspect SOF boats will have higher stress concentrations than
monocoque boats because all the load will be concentrated in a few
small parts: ribs, gunwales, deck beams.

This is untrue.  The genius of a properly built SOF is that the load is
distributed among many smaller parts, reducing the risk of a catastrophic
failure.  In fact the traditional SOF frame is a fail-safe redundant
structure.  Very similar design is used on almost all modern air craft
structures.  If any one member fails in the hull structure, the others carry
the forces around the failed part, prevent a complete failure of the
structure.  Of course a poorly designed frames can have weak points, but
this would be true with a hard shell kayak as well.  I even known of SOF
owners that have contiued using their kayaks with broken guwales or keels
for many trips, untill they had the time to remove the skin and repair the
damage.

In fact the hollow shell structure of a fiberglass or rotomolded hull is not
fail safe.  Though the hull forces are nicely distributed over the hull
skin, the failure mode is usually in buckling (that is when loaded in
bending).  To prevent the hollow hull from buckling you have to make the
skin strong and stiff, adding a lot of weight.  The softer rotomolded hulls
I think are especially susceptible to bucking failure.  And if there are
dimples, dings or dents in the hard shell to start out with, the risk of
bucking failure is very high on a hard shell, this is not true of a SOF
(standing on an empty soda can will demonstrate this very real problem).
The SOF construction has discrete individual stringers that resist bending,
and they are free to flex a lot, long before failure occurs (and of course
the skin can buckle and flex all it wants without failure).  This is why SOF
hulls, that enjoy some flex without risk of failure, that make them easier
to control in rough water, it acts like a suspension of sorts absorbing the
impacts, as compared to a rigid hard shell.  This is also the reason I think
SOF are so much lighter, there does not need to be such thick structure to
prevent a failure.

Landing on sharp hard rocks is another mode of failure that likely the
hard-shells are better at than SOF, especially the roto molded hulls.
Though all types of construction will get damaged in such an impact,
individual frame members of the SOF would be more susceptible I think.
Though as long as the skin does not get punctured (a real risk, but yet rare
occurrence), you are still seaworthy.  In very serious impacts the
fiberglass hull can completely collapse and/or puncture, making field
repairs nearly impossible.  I think the SOF are superior in this instance
since even if the skin is punctured, temp field repairs (if necessary at
all) are relatively easy.  Of coarse the rotomolded hulls are great for such
abuse, they only get scuffed and pop right back, which makes them great for
a rental fleet.

When designing a hard-shell, they must be designed against buckling failure,
and for fiberglass, sharp impact loads.  When designing a skin on frame, the
frame must be design to resist failure from frame flex, meaning all of the
joists must have some "give" in them or the joints will fail and cause a
stress concentration.

I think the SOF is a superior way to build a kayak, but unfortunately it
does lend itself well to production nor to modern desires for bulkheads,
hatches, rudders and other modern inventions.  I do not think there are any
manufacturers of non-folding SOF kayaks, it is a shame since they can
perform in many areas superior to hard-shell kayaks, and use much less
materials and weigh much less too.  But again it takes proper careful and
proper design to optimize either type of construction method.  And if the
consumers of production kayaks are not comfortable with the idea of 25 to 30
pound kayaks being just as safe and durable as 60 to 70 hard-shells, you
will not be able to stay in business.

Peter
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Received on Mon Sep 20 2004 - 11:58:18 PDT

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