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From: Peter Chopelas <pac_at_premier1.net>
subject: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Tue, 14 Sep 2004 19:52:28 -0700
There is a relatively simple way to do objective testing on paddles, in real
conditions in a real kayak.  You need an accurate knot meter on the hull, a
heart meter or (even better) a air uptake meter, and a relatively windless
day.  Then you use either the heart rate monitor, or air uptake meter (this
is a breath mask that measures the total air consumed) at a constant speed.
The paddler must maintain exactly the same speed with the different paddles,
and then he simply records his heart rate, or air consumption.  The less
work it is to maintain the same speed in the same hull, the lower the heart
rate (or air intake).  This would give relative efficiency of course, but
would still yield a valid comparison.  There would be no easy way to make a
tank test yeild these kind of "real world" conditions.

Several things that would be interesting to test this way would be to get a
number of different paddlers, some in good shape, some not, some experienced
paddlers, and some not so experienced, and those familiar with GP and those
that use Euro paddles, male/female, etc., and see what the variations
between them would be.  It might be that the best efficiency with each
paddle comes from using radically different stroke mechanics (this is a
problem that would have to be extensively tested to see if this is
significant, which I suspect it would be).  It also might be that the same
paddle shape and size is not most efficient for everyone.  I would also
suspect that the paddle that is most efficient at a given speed, may not be
the one that is most efficient at another speed.  So you would want to run
the a lot of tests as several speeds to get a complete picture of what is
happening with paddle shape, size, length, etc.  It would interesting to
build a set of "test" paddles that vary only one feature or aspect between
each; for example, make several paddles with exactly the same shape, but
different size.  Or make them exactly the same cross section (foil shape),
and the same area, but with different aspect ratios.

This same test could be used to test hull designs as well (using the same
paddle of course).

I think the real problem with this is to make sure you have a big enough
data base to know what you are actually measuring.  Since so many things
vary between different paddles, and different paddlers, you need a lot of
tests to isolate the important features.  The best stroke mechanics for one
paddle would not be the best for another, which might lead to one to believe
a less than optimum blade shape is better than another if you do not use the
correct stroke mechanics with it.

A simple flow test that I have thought of doing to help visualize the flow
over the blade would be to tape short lengths of bright colored yarn or
string on various places on the blade and go paddling with it.  It would
clearly demonstrate how much cordwise flow (if any) vs. lengthwise flow
occurs over the blade.  You would also get a good idea of when a blade stall
occurs (and would likely quickly learn exactly what a blade stall feels like
at the shaft when it does occurs).

Peter
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From: Pedja Gudac <comprex_at_gmail.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Wed, 15 Sep 2004 17:33:54 -0400
Peter Chopelas, at constant HR,  the paddler's  power output would
still vary with factors such as blood sugar concentration.

PJ Gudac

On Tue, 14 Sep 2004 19:52:28 -0700, Peter Chopelas <pac_at_premier1.net> wrote:
> There is a relatively simple way to do objective testing on paddles, in real
> conditions in a real kayak.  You need an accurate knot meter on the hull, a
> heart meter or (even better) a air uptake meter, and a relatively windless
> day.  Then you use either the heart rate monitor, or air uptake meter (this
> is a breath mask that measures the total air consumed) at a constant speed.
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From: Steve Brown <steve_at_brown-web.net>
subject: RE: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Thu, 16 Sep 2004 12:42:20 -0700
This is good science, but keep in mind the work done in cycling which has
concluded there are stressors on the body which can be measured, but not by
oxygen uptake. I sent out an email with links to some of this information a
week or so ago.

Also, I think these things must measure oxygen (input - output) being
consumed rather than air intake. This is a little more sophisticated than
just measuring volume of flow since oxygen and/or carbon dioxide content
must be measured.

Anyway, even if oxygen uptake is not the last word, it would be an
improvement to all of our unsupported opinions flying back and forth. And at
least put some stakes in the ground.

To put this in a range achievable by us recreational kayakers (non pro
kayakers), your suggestion of using a heart rate monitor is a good one that
will represent oxygen uptake quite well until maximum aerobic uptake is
approached, at which time the heart rate increase response flattens and your
body start building oxygen deficit.

I don't think any kayaking I have ever done comes remotely close to my
maximums.

Anyone know of a water proof heart rate monitor?

Steve Brown

-----Original Message-----
........ need an accurate knot meter on the hull, a
heart meter or (even better) a air uptake meter, and a relatively windless
day.  Then you use either the heart rate monitor, or air uptake meter (this
is a breath mask that measures the total air consumed) at a constant speed.
.........

Peter
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From: Michael Daly <mikedaly_at_magma.ca>
subject: RE: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Thu, 16 Sep 2004 17:50:25 -0400
On 16 Sep 2004 at 12:42, Steve Brown wrote:

> Also, I think these things must measure oxygen (input - output) being
> consumed rather than air intake. This is a little more sophisticated
> than just measuring volume of flow since oxygen and/or carbon dioxide
> content must be measured.

O2 uptake would be much more meaningful than air intake.  

As well, you'd have to make the test long enough to eliminate the 
effects of anaerobic energy production.  Yesterday, Adam van 
Koeverden, the K1 500m Olympic gold medalist, was a guest on a local 
radio station.  He said that up to 100 seconds, the kayak race is 
just raw power and he could literally hold his breath.  Over 100 
seconds forces him to be more attentive to pace, since by that point, 
anaerobic energy production is mostly used up and lactic acid limits 
performance.

I forget how long the two O2 uptake tests I took were, but it was 
something like 5-10 minutes.  That means that you're looking at a 
course of over one kilometer for a recreational speed paddler and 
over 1500m for an elite athlete.  Two to three kilometers might be 
useful for an advanced rec paddler.

That will also allow enough time for minor kinks in technique to be 
averaged out.  However, it does bring up the issue of repeatability 
in tests.  I'd like to know how one measure energy out accurately.  
While a knotmeter and GPS combo can give decent speed estimates, 
they'd have to be integrated over time and compared to O2 uptake over 
time as well.  Then you'd have to know the speed vs resistance 
characteristics of the hull.

This time interval will make wind/wave characteristics harder to 
control.  Great if you can get an indoor moving-water tank.

Mike
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From: Gary J. MacDonald <garyj_at_rogers.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Fri, 17 Sep 2004 09:50:14 -0400
Michael Daly wrote:

>I forget how long the two O2 uptake tests I took were, but it was 
>something like 5-10 minutes.  That means that you're looking at a 
>course of over one kilometer for a recreational speed paddler and 
>over 1500m for an elite athlete.  Two to three kilometers might be 
>useful for an advanced rec paddler.
>
>That will also allow enough time for minor kinks in technique to be 
>averaged out.  However, it does bring up the issue of repeatability 
>in tests.  I'd like to know how one measure energy out accurately.  
>While a knotmeter and GPS combo can give decent speed estimates, 
>they'd have to be integrated over time and compared to O2 uptake over 
>time as well.  Then you'd have to know the speed vs resistance 
>characteristics of the hull.
>  
>
I suspect that the most efficient distance to use would be one where the 
paddler can be most mechanical in his pace.  

If he/she tries to do this test (and repeated runs) at higher outputs, 
then it will be affected by the many little variables that aflict 
athletic performance.

I know that runners, for example, can often measure distances within 5% 
or less when they run at particular speeds where their body just clicks 
into rhythm.

GaryJ
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From: Michael Daly <mikedaly_at_magma.ca>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] objective paddle test
Date: Fri, 17 Sep 2004 13:30:40 -0400
On 17 Sep 2004 at 9:50, Gary J. MacDonald wrote:

> I suspect that the most efficient distance to use would be one where
> the paddler can be most mechanical in his pace.  

For me, that's a long paddle distance.

> If he/she tries to do this test (and repeated runs) at higher outputs,
> then it will be affected by the many little variables that aflict
> athletic performance.

True, but that will be influenced by training volume.  The better the 
base, the better they will be at being consistent.  Another 
variable...

If, as Peter suggests, we only measure energy in/out and use that, we 
won't care about this as much.  That's one advantage to his test 
proposal.  However, the results will be dependent on kayak parameters 
that we don't know.

> I know that runners, for example, can often measure distances within
> 5% or less when they run at particular speeds where their body just
> clicks into rhythm.

I used to keep a training diary when I was a "serious" athlete (XC 
ski racing, running and bike racing).  Being an engineer, at the end 
of a year of keeping the diary, I plotted the data and analysed it.  
I found that there was a significant variability - much more than 5%. 
I also had the info in the diary on how I felt during the training.  
Please allow me to doubt your claim :-)

Mike
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