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From: Ari Saarto <asaarto_at_elisanet.fi>
subject: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Fri, 23 Mar 2007 13:30:13 +0200
Dear PaddleWisers,

a Swedish athletic, Jonas Rappe died hypothermic at hospital on last 
Saturday morning at 4. a.m. He capsized on Friday afternoon with his 
friend when crossing a lake and the distance to the closest shore was 
one (1) kilometre. Surprisingly, the kayak, which was described as a 
'extra sea-safe' sank. It took about 50 minutes to cover swimming the 
before mentioned 1 kilometre because also the other kayak capsized 
during the rescue.

His friend did his best to help Rappe after they had reached a small 
island. He was wet and cold, but he courageously swam to the NEXT 
island and ran more than 2 kilometres in forest until he found help.

There are many obvious questions. I am not quite sure how he was 
dressed because the press info fom his club was not revealing all 
facts. The water and weather conditions are also not described with 
details. I will try to translate the basic facts from the press file 
ASAP, though my Swedish is quite awful... I am very curious about the 
kayaks.

Here are three links to those who understand Swedish:

http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/karlstad/story/0,2789,1026040,00.html
http://www.karlstadmultisport.com/e107_docs/blandat/KMS_20070317.pdf
http://www.multisport.se/nyheter/nyhet.php?id=405

Considering the recent postings to PW list, this tragedy might be part 
of our learning curve...

Ari

-Finland, where the coastline is still covered by ice and cabin fever 
makes me crazy
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From: Tord Eriksson <tord_at_tord.nu>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Wed, 28 Mar 2007 18:48:19 +0200
On Monday 26 March 2007 07:40, Ari wrote:
> And these guys were in *extremely* good condition. Mr. Rappe was
> competing in World Championship Multisport games... I believe there are
> lessons to be learned.

If mr Rappe had been isolated by a thick layer of fat, like a seal,
he most likely would have survived, but the more lean you are -
competing athletes tend to be very lean - the greater the dangers
when it comes to hypothermia.

Tord
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From: Doug Lloyd <douglloyd_at_shaw.ca>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Thu, 29 Mar 2007 16:29:08 -0700
Whenever I see the news of someone surviving in BC's cold water after 
falling overboard and surviving atypical lengths of time in that water, they 
are inevitably rotund individuals. It either means heavy people survive 
better, or it could mean heavier people are the ones who always fall 
overboard. Maybe they just float better. Mike doesn't usually make a post 
unless his facts are dead on. I'll have to look up some current research to 
see what body mass indexes and fitness levels predict for cold water 
immersion outcomes. Certainly those men with chiseled figures and great abs 
do better on the beach with the chicks. :-)

Doug L

> Mike,
>
> fitness might be OK for getting back into your kayak. It is good for 
> survival skills and covering distances. It might be good for almost 
> everything we do at cold waters. But I have very strong suspicions that 
> the discussions about fat versus skills do not actually matter so much. 
> Rappe was probably many ways skilled and in perfect physical condition.
>
> Best,
>
> Ari
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From: Michael Daly <mikedaly_at_magma.ca>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2007 12:22:12 -0400
Doug Lloyd wrote:

> I'll have to look up some current 
> research to see what body mass indexes and fitness levels predict for 
> cold water immersion outcomes.

I read about it years ago and fitness likely is a better predictor of 
short term survival ability than long term (as Ari suggests).  Once any 
person is in the water long enough (where long is very few minutes) the 
outer extremities are shut down and then insulation is important.

However, as Prof. Popsicle (Giesbrecht) and others have pointed out, the 
ability to control yourself and deal with the situation in the first 
seconds to minute is critical to long-term survival.  Again, as Ari 
pointed out, it likely will make a difference for a paddler in the 
period when they are attempting to re-enter the kayak.

I've been contacted back-channel about my comments on fit vs fat.  I did 
say fit vs fat, not skinny vs fat.  Fat _and_ fit will outperform skinny 
and way out of shape.  Fat levels don't strictly dictate fitness (though 
extreme overweight and obesity pretty much preclude fitness).  If you 
compare runners to distance swimmers, the swimmers almost always show 
less muscle definition due to a thicker layer of fat on their bodies 
(the muscle is under there, just not as obvious as in the 4-8% body fat 
athletes).  If you spend that much time in the water (even in heated 
pools) that little bit of fat is beneficial.

Mike
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From: Ari Saarto <asaarto_at_elisanet.fi>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2007 19:57:31 +0300
Hi,

I do agree with you about the short term survival. My personal opinion 
is that the first 10 minutes count most. And the first 10 seconds.

The club is not answering my e-mails... so maybe we will never know 
about thire kayaks! It is possible that the funeral is during this 
weekend, so I will try again.

Cheers,

Ari
-who is waking up tomorrow at 6 a.m. to make the first trip of the 
season. Waters are from +1 to +2 Centigrades, night temps will be about 
0 C on Sunday night.

On 30. maalis 2007, at 19:22, Michael Daly wrote:

> I read about it years ago and fitness likely is a better predictor of 
> short term survival ability than long term (as Ari suggests).  Once 
> any person is in the water long enough (where long is very few 
> minutes) the outer extremities are shut down and then insulation is 
> important.
>
> However, as Prof. Popsicle (Giesbrecht) and others have pointed out, 
> the ability to control yourself and deal with the situation in the 
> first seconds to minute is critical to long-term survival.  Again, as 
> Ari pointed out, it likely will make a difference for a paddler in the 
> period when they are attempting to re-enter the kayak.
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From: Doug Lloyd <douglloyd_at_shaw.ca>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2007 12:29:03 -0700
Thanks Mike:

I have a friend who swims competitively in the ocean. He has almost no body 
fat. He is older than most of us. He is very fast. He swims year-round to 
train. His resting heart rate is lower than most twenty year olds. While he 
does wear a light, competitive wet suit designed for triathletes, he doesn't 
get cold even after long swims. He attributes this to the conditioning 
regime in cold water. His body has adjusted. I assume fitness and cold-water 
adjustment are factors precluding hypothermia, both warding of the effects 
initially and subsequently.

The guys that seem to really last the longest in cold water (multi day 
survival) seem to be big men, big-boned, overweight but in fairly good 
shape - namely fishermen, though many die shortly after falling overboard in 
stormy seas due to inhalation of water, even with hypothermia suits on.

Doug L



> I read about it years ago and fitness likely is a better predictor of 
> short term survival ability than long term (as Ari suggests).  Once any 
> person is in the water long enough (where long is very few minutes) the 
> outer extremities are shut down and then insulation is important.
>
> However, as Prof. Popsicle (Giesbrecht) and others have pointed out, the 
> ability to control yourself and deal with the situation in the first 
> seconds to minute is critical to long-term survival.  Again, as Ari 
> pointed out, it likely will make a difference for a paddler in the period 
> when they are attempting to re-enter the kayak.
>
> I've been contacted back-channel about my comments on fit vs fat.  I did 
> say fit vs fat, not skinny vs fat.  Fat _and_ fit will outperform skinny 
> and way out of shape.  Fat levels don't strictly dictate fitness (though 
> extreme overweight and obesity pretty much preclude fitness).  If you 
> compare runners to distance swimmers, the swimmers almost always show less 
> muscle definition due to a thicker layer of fat on their bodies (the 
> muscle is under there, just not as obvious as in the 4-8% body fat 
> athletes).  If you spend that much time in the water (even in heated 
> pools) that little bit of fat is beneficial.
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From: Michael Daly <mikedaly_at_magma.ca>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Fri, 30 Mar 2007 18:59:42 -0400
Doug Lloyd wrote:

> He attributes 
> this to the conditioning regime in cold water. His body has adjusted. I 
> assume fitness and cold-water adjustment are factors precluding 
> hypothermia, both warding of the effects initially and subsequently.

Don't underestimate how much heat you can generate while swimming.  You 
are using both arms and legs and that will put you into the same 
category as sports like cross-country skiing.  In my competitive days, I 
could spend an entire day outside skiing and training wearing what most 
would find cool in an office - and that's at temps well below freezing.

When I finish swimming (~2 km at a time in a pool) I am pumping out heat 
for quite a while afterwords - no towel can get me dry :-)

That's another area where fitness is a benefit - you can generate heat 
for a longer time.  Without training (either in the form of sports or 
hard work) your muscles don't store enough glycogen to keep going.  That 
extends your time to survival.  However, you do need insulation to 
prevent the generated heat from just transferring to the water as you 
move to keep warm.

Mike
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From: Peter Treby <ptreby_at_ozemail.com.au>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Sat, 31 Mar 2007 09:01:01 +1000
"what was the water temperature in this case?"
"The water temperature was three days later, on March 19th, 380F (surface, close the coastline, -+30C), according the Meteorologic and Hydrologic Institute of Sweden. "

So, 38 degrees Fahrenheit, 3+ degrees Celsius. Very cold water.
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From: Ari Saarto <asaarto_at_elisanet.fi>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Sun, 1 Apr 2007 22:12:51 +0300
Hello,

I just did return home from my trip. The dock of my kayak was in frost 
in this morning, and the sponge I do use for cleaning the compartments 
was frozen. The tent was +2 C. Very refreshing, after slightly burning 
my face in bright sunshine! Immigrating birds have loud 
all-night-orgies. Very romantic. Maybe I will ask my partner Rita to 
join me next time... or, considering the temperatures, that might be a 
very bad idea.

Rappe's friend, who tired to save him, answered to my e-mail. I will 
continue my little investigations and report to you, after I have had 
new answers. He wants to stay anonymous, as he also did in Swedish 
media. Naturally, I do respect him.

Cheers,

Ari

> So, 38 degrees Fahrenheit, 3+ degrees Celsius. Very cold water.
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From: Ari Saarto <asaarto_at_elisanet.fi>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Tragedy in Sweden
Date: Mon, 2 Apr 2007 22:50:01 +0300
Hello again.

I have some new details, which describe the clothing and their kayaks.

Summa summarum: they were both using neoprene trousers from 'feet to 
navel' with neoprene boots. I do not yet have any clue how thick the 
material was, but usually paddlers are here using 3 mm stuff. Upper 
body was covered with Craft sports underwear and a light sports 
raincoat (Marmot Essence: ripstop nylon with outer coating of 
waterproof polyurethane). They both had neoprene gloves, but seemingly 
nothing to cover their heads. The 'sea-safe' kayaks were 'Defenders', 
built for Multisport races, very narrow and light. You can find them at 
http://www.sissonkayaks.co.nz/defender.htm

I have not yet asked all questions which are running in my mind, 
because I am strongly considering writing an article about this. It 
will take some time, especially if I want to continue my interview with 
Rappe's friend and keep some distance to my personal opinions. Their 
mental determination, exhausted cell phone and club's cold water 
training/safety lessons are first now on my list. Also, his friend 
seems to remember the wind a bit incorrectly: he claims it was only 2 
to 3 meter per second. It was like that in the morning, but the 
statistics of the local airport do differ. The reason might be that 
they were surfing the following waves and not facing the wind (so, 
where did the swells then came from?). They knew all details about the 
local weather, air and water temperatures.

Some mistakes and miscalculations, which did lead into this, are quite 
obvious. Anyhow, both paddlers did what they could, as long as they 
could. The remaining kayak was left into the open to the shoreline so 
it was clearly visible and Rappe's friend tied his hands to the kayak 
when they were swimming. He did not let him go: 50 minutes is a long 
time. He did check his pulse and body temperature from several spots 
after they had reached the shore. He took Rappe into a windless place, 
warmed himself running, swam to the next island and ran to find a 
phone. He even calculated the passed time from his watch during the 
accident and rescue. And, with all respect towards the tragedy, they 
were not prepared for the waters. It was like a fight against an 
unbeatable enemy.

Ari

-----
> Rappe's friend, who tired to save him, answered to my e-mail. I will 
> continue my little investigations and report to you, after I have had 
> new answers. He wants to stay anonymous, as he also did in Swedish 
> media. Naturally, I do respect him.
>
> Cheers,
>
> Ari
>
>> So, 38 degrees Fahrenheit, 3+ degrees Celsius. Very cold water.
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