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From: Brian Heath <bheath_at_televar.com>
subject: [Paddlewise] Resistance & Displacement
Date: Thu, 02 Apr 1998 23:49:39 -0800
Would anyone know the effect of adding weight to a kayak on the energy
required to paddle it.  That is, if I double the weight do I  double the

work I do?  Is the effect proportional or something very different?  I'm

fairly new to kayaking and the web, and brand new to paddlewise.  If
this is discussed elsewhere, I'll go looking.  I did look at John
Winter's KAPER formula, since both resistance and displacement are in
it. But between my rusty math and ignorance of boat
terminology I could not figure the answer to my question.

Thanks.  Brian Heath



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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Resistance & Displacement
Date: Fri, 3 Apr 1998 07:48:34 -0500
Brian wrote;

-


>Would anyone know the effect of adding weight to a kayak on the energy
>required to paddle it.  That is, if I double the weight do I  double the
>work I do?  Is the effect proportional or something very different?

There is no simple way to answer this accurately because as you increase
displacement various form parameters change too. Wetted surface increase,
prismatic coefficient may increase or decrease, length and beam ill
increase  an so on. But if we assumed the unlikely case that everything
remained constant here is an example of what might happen. These are
resistance figures for a 13.7' waterline kayak at 215 and 430 pounds. The
speeds begin at 2 knots and increase in half knot increments up to six
knots

For 215 pound kayak

0.760, 1.139, 1.591, 2.252, 3.265, 4.841, 7.435, 10.525 ,13.869

For 430 pound kayak

0.789, 1.184, 1.657, 2.440, 3.784, 5.569, 9.453, 13.703, 18.427

There isn't much difference at low speeds where wavemaking is small but
once wavemaking becomes important things happen pretty quickly.  At 4.0
knots there is about 15% difference. Keep in mind that, because I haven't
included any of the other changes this would be higher in real life.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/

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From: Gerald Foodman <klagjf_at_worldnet.att.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Resistance & Displacement
Date: Sat, 4 Apr 1998 07:56:46 -0800
>There is no simple way to answer this accurately because as you increase
>displacement various form parameters change too. Wetted surface increase,
>prismatic coefficient may increase or decrease, length and beam ill
>increase  an so on. But if we assumed the unlikely case that everything
>remained constant here is an example of what might happen. These are
>resistance figures for a 13.7' waterline kayak at 215 and 430 pounds. The
>speeds begin at 2 knots and increase in half knot increments up to six
>knots
>
>For 215 pound kayak
>
>0.760, 1.139, 1.591, 2.252, 3.265, 4.841, 7.435, 10.525 ,13.869
>
>For 430 pound kayak
>
>0.789, 1.184, 1.657, 2.440, 3.784, 5.569, 9.453, 13.703, 18.427
>
>There isn't much difference at low speeds where wavemaking is small but
>once wavemaking becomes important things happen pretty quickly.  At 4.0
>knots there is about 15% difference. Keep in mind that, because I haven't
>included any of the other changes this would be higher in real life.
>
>Cheers,
>John Winters


The example you cite is for a very large increase in weight.  What if the
weight delta were smaller and you made the assumption that the drag
difference was zero? Then the inertia would be the only effect.  Would it be
better to have slightly more weight and be slowed less?  Especially in
choppy conditions.

Another question.  If the weight delta were smaller, would the knee of the
curve of increased drag occur at a higher speed?  If so the effect of
increased weight might be less than expected at touring speed.

Jerry

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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Resistance & Displacement
Date: Sun, 5 Apr 1998 09:46:51 -0400
Jerry wrote;

(SNIP of performance prediction of boats of differing displacements )
>
>The example you cite is for a very large increase in weight.  What if the
>weight delta were smaller and you made the assumption that the drag
>difference was zero? Then the inertia would be the only effect.  Would it
be
>better to have slightly more weight and be slowed less?  Especially in
>choppy conditions.
>
>Another question.  If the weight delta were smaller, would the knee of the
>curve of increased drag occur at a higher speed?  If so the effect of
>increased weight might be less than expected at touring speed.


The drag  will not be zero since for smaller displacement increases the
form factors won't change nor will the shape of the drag curve change so
long as form factors remain constant although wetted surface will increase.

Whether the increase in drag is small enough to be unimportant depends upon
the sensitivity of the paddler. If one is concerned about resistance in
waves then there are more important factors like the moment of inertia, the
vertical prismatic coefficient, the boat length relative to waves (and
consequently the period of encounter) and (possibly) the stroke cadence.

If there is a benefit to adding weight just for weight's sake it is
stability. That is why I invented Genuine Canadian Ballast Rocks (TM). You
will note that no where in our advertising do we claim that Genuine
Canadian Ballast Rocks (TM) improve performance, make you look younger,
improve your sex life, nor will your friends be more attractive and your
children better behaved or your laundry come out whiter than ever before.
All that will happen is that your boat will be more stable.If you use our
Genuine Canadian Radioactive Ballast Rocks (TM) mined from abandoned
uranium mines in northern Canada you may become sterile but that is the
only known side effect and that may or may not be a good thing. Claims that
users of Genuine Canadian Radioactive Ballast Rocks (TM) can detect kidney
stones through the sides of skin boats and that they cure prostate cancer
are unsubstantiated.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/

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