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From: Colin Calder <c.j.calder_at_abdn.ac.uk>
subject: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Tue, 13 Oct 1998 12:25:36 +0100
Hello paddlewisers

I haven't been active on this list for a few months, but I've occasionally
been lurking around the digest. Hope you all had a good summer on the water,
or winter for the hemispherically challenged :-).

My comments re the paddling in a straight line/skeg thread. I first got a
boat with a retractable skeg two years ago (P&H capella), and initially I
found that most of the time I preferred the feel of the boat with the skeg
down (where it felt more like my previous no skeg, straight as an arrow,
better lean this 30degress if you want it to turn boat). I now find that I
very rarely deploy the skeg - only really if I'm paddling on a relatively
long straight course when there is  a quartering wind ** and ** the sea
state is relatively calm.  In these conditions tuning the boat with the skeg
to neutral with respect to the wind is very helpful.  However, most of my
paddling is on an exposed craggy coast where there is effectively no
protected water and windy conditions with no sea state are unfortunately
rare. Commonly for me if there is wind  there is also a confused sea state,
which has far more effect on the boats handling than any weather helm. In
windy conditions I now usually opt for the more playful manoeuvrable feel of
the boat with the skeg retracted, mainly because:

	In a confused sea the boat is constantly being knocked about and moved
around (whether you have a rudder, skeg or whatever - the playing field
itself is moving around :-). A  manoeuvrable boat is more easily returned to
its course.

	If there is any sea state the wind strength is constantly changing
depending on whether you are in a trough or a crest.

	The boat is far more responsive and predictable while surfing (during which
stern rudder strokes are far more important in maintaining course than the
skeg)

The disadvantages of the skeg are as I see it trivial: It takes up a bit of
space in the rear hatch, and it is susceptible to damage - but this is more
of a pilot error issue. (I have had experience of being washed sideways over
a submerged rock with the skeg deployed - the skeg itself was unscathed but
the control cable was kinked so badly where it entered the skeg box that the
skeg was jammed in the half way down position until I could get the boat
into the workshop, a tad inconvenient. Oops.).

So.... I rarely use the skeg, but I strongly recommend them. You can have a
manoeuvrable and straight running boat in one, and you can change the whole
feel of the boat with one finger.

horses for courses of course

Cheers
Colin Calder
57º19'N  2º10'W

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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1998 09:09:19 -0400
Dave wrote;




>(http://www.paddles.com/library/straight.html) has an interesting
>treatise by Clark Bowlen entitled "Paddling a Sea Kayak in a Straight
>Line --Straight Talk".  Food for thought.  I'd be interested in reaction
>from folks who have studied efficient paddling.

Despite many things that I agree with in the article (particularly the
mechanics of the stroke, its effects, and the value of shorter paddles than
are commonly sold) I think it puts forward a rather one dimensional
approach to the problem.

For example the comment that "....tracking is 80% paddler and 20% boat" can
easily be disproved. For example, sprint canoes must track straight with
minimal attention to turning. Thus, the boats are designed to do just that.
In short, the boat is designed to suit the need. The same principle, when
applied to sea kayaks, can produce a straight tracking boat that, when
coupled with a shape that turns easily when heeled, achieves both
objectives - manoeuvrability and straight tracking. More over, I suspect
even Clark will agree that some boats are difficult to control and if he
hasn't yet paddled one I would be happy to point him in the proper
direction. :-)

The kayak can be viewed as a system in which hull, strokes, paddle, and
paddler are merged into a whole that,  hopefully, fulfils the paddler's
objectives. Bowlen appears to recognise only two kinds of paddlers, those
who "... want to kick back, relax, and still go pretty straight" and those
who "...paddle better, if you want a boat that will play in the waves,
surf, do eddy turns in tidal rivers, meander up marsh creeks without a
struggle..."

I would suggest that a whole range of paddlers fits in between that can
benefit from boats designed to suit their paddling style. There are boats
that track well without  a great deal of attention and yet still "play in
the waves, surf, do eddy turns in tidal rivers, meander up marsh creeks
without a struggle".

When Bowlen says,"I think because kayaks are easier to paddle straight than
canoes, that kayaks actually foster bad technique -- to the point that
their design must compensate for it." I think he ignores the many different
objectives in kayaking. This seems to me to be one of failings in taking an
elitist attitude to paddling - the idea that one's is the "right" way and
the "right" objective.  While there may be "better" techniques that
maximise power and efficiency does that mean that  being less that 100%
efficient is "bad"?

I fall into this trap as well when talking about boat design. To me,
greater efficiency is "Better" and it may be - if it matters to the
paddler. When it doesn't matter and doesn't put the paddler at physical
risk then "Better" isn't really "better" at all. It is just different.

I was interested in his comment that, "The shorter the paddle, the more
horizontally it can be held and still maintain a short lever arm. This is
the basis of Greenland technique, which uses short paddles held
horizontally. " This comment does not fit with the paddle lengths provided
by Brand, Peterson, and others. It also ignores that many boats with
relatively high freeboard and wide beam that might require long paddles
just to reach the water. Since I have heard this comment before I wonder if
it does not reflect a local application of the term "Greenland paddle" and
may be responsible for some of the confusion surrounding term.

So, other than a bit of excess zeal, overly aggressive use of the verb "to
be",  and an occasional technical lapse I think the article presents useful
information that agrees with what I have been promoting  here and
elsewhere.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/




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From: Dan Hagen <dan_at_hagen.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Fri, 09 Oct 1998 07:09:45 -0700
John Winters wrote:
...<snip>...
> For example the comment that "....tracking is 80% paddler and 20% boat" can
> easily be disproved. For example, sprint canoes must track straight with
> minimal attention to turning. Thus, the boats are designed to do just that.
> In short, the boat is designed to suit the need. The same principle, when
> applied to sea kayaks, can produce a straight tracking boat that, when
> coupled with a shape that turns easily when heeled, achieves both
> objectives - manoeuvrability and straight tracking. More over, I suspect
> even Clark will agree that some boats are difficult to control and if he
> hasn't yet paddled one I would be happy to point him in the proper
> direction. :-)

John, you seem to be missing the point. First, it does not follow from
Clark's statement that differences in boat design are insignificant.
Quite the contrary. For any given paddler, the difference in performance
between two different models is 100% due to the design (because in this
case we are holding the paddler-related variables constant).  Thus any
given paddler will be much better off in a sprint race paddling a sprint
canoe. Nothing that Clark says contradicts this, and your observations
in no way "disprove" Clark's assertion.  His point is that the variation
in directional stability across different paddler/kayaker combinations
(where we are changing both the paddler and the kayak) is 80% due to
differences in the paddler-related variables. I don't know if his
numbers are correct, but you certainly can't disprove him by asserting
the (rather obvious) point that some boats are easier to control than
others. Nothing he has said implies that all boats are equally easy to
paddle in a straight line.    

You also seem to suggest that Clark is implying that maneuverability is
a variable that cannot be controlled independently of tracking
stiffness. Nothing he has said implies this.  There are, however, limits
to the extent to which tracking and maneuverability can be varied
independently. If you disgree with this, then we could really use your
design talents to design a boat that is as maneuverable as a Dagger
Redline and as stiff-tracking as Seda Glider.

You seem to feel that Clark is dismissing design as unimportant, which
no doubt rubs you (as a designer) the wrong way.  I read Clark's piece
quite differently.  He is not saying that design is irrelevant, he is
simply stating that design is secondary in importance to technique. I
agree with him. Whether or not you agree, you cannot disprove this by
pointing out that there are significant differences between designs.    
  
Dan Hagen
Bellingham, Washington
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From: Dan Hagen <dan_at_hagen.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Fri, 09 Oct 1998 07:55:09 -0700
Here's another quote to consider on the importance of the paddler versus
design. This one comes from a "real" sea kayaker, not some
reformed-canoeist wannabe. :-) Frank Goodman, in an article in Ocean
Paddler (Summer 1998 issue) states the following:

"Variations of paddler performance will create far greater problems in
extreme conditions than differences between the designs of kayaks. In
fact different levels of skill will show up huge variations of
performance of kayaks of identical design even..."

Note that Goodman is not arguing that design is unimportant. He is
simply stating that when the going gets rough, paddler-related variables
are far more important in determining performance than are
design-related variables. Obviously any given paddler will be better off
in a "good" design than in a "bad" design.  But the most important
element in improving performance is skill development, not boat design.

(Apologizes to John Winters for abuse of the verb "to be", but I have
never considered this list to be a place where it is fashionable to
avoid the use of absolutist statements. :-)  

After pondering Goodman's point about extreme conditions, I have done a
"recalculation" of Clark's 80-20 rule to factor in variations in
paddling conditions.  Having increased the formula's weight for
Gale-force conditions and above, I would now suggest the Clark's rule is
a bit off. (Good thing that I haven't engraved my hull yet.)  I would
now assert that it is 83.7% paddler, 16.3% boat. :-)
 
Dan Hagen
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From: Julio MacWilliams <juliom_at_cisco.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Fri, 9 Oct 1998 09:34:19 -0700 (PDT)
John Winters wrote:

> I was interested in his comment that, "The shorter the paddle, the more
> horizontally it can be held and still maintain a short lever arm. This is
> the basis of Greenland technique, which uses short paddles held
> horizontally. " This comment does not fit with the paddle lengths provided
> by Brand, Peterson, and others. It also ignores that many boats with
> relatively high freeboard and wide beam that might require long paddles
> just to reach the water. Since I have heard this comment before I wonder if
> it does not reflect a local application of the term "Greenland paddle" and
> may be responsible for some of the confusion surrounding term.

Yes, indeed. This summer I made 80 miles in the Mediterranean with a
Valley Skerray. Since it is a beamier boat than my local skin on frame
kayak, and has a higher freeboard, and larger volume, I decided to 
use the Feathercraft version of a Greenland paddle, which has longer
shaft and blades. 

A short Greenland paddle on a boat with high free board would force
the paddler to make very vertical strokes in order to reach the water,
which spoils one of the kay benefits of the Greenland paddle -- the low
angle position with respect to the water.

In the book "Skin Boats of Greenland" one can appreciate the extremely
long paddles that are used in East Greenland, where high volume boats
are used, versus the short paddles of West Greenland, where low volume
kayaks are preferred.

By the way, did you folks notice the last name of the current Greenland 
champion? Maligiaq Padilla. It seems that we Spaniards have made it
to the last corner of the world. :-)

- Julio
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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Sat, 10 Oct 1998 08:21:40 -0400
Dan wrote;

(SNIP)

>Nothing he has said implies that all boats are equally easy to
>paddle in a straight line.

Dan, I believe you may have read my comments incorrectly. Nothing I said
implied or was intended to imply that Clark said that all boats were
equally easy to paddle in a straight line. I read his statements much
differently from you because I come from a different background.  I took
issue with his suggestion that strokes are more important than the boat. As
I pointed out the boat/ paddler/ paddle combination is a system where the
objective is the key and can be reached in a variety of ways not all of
which involve a specific stroke style, mechanics, person, or boat. I did
not say the boat was more important than the stroke or the paddle or
anything else. I said quite clearly that the combination was a system. Part
of that system is the boat, part is the paddle, and part is the paddler. To
suggest that there is one specific stroke that should be used strikes me as
being just as unreasonable  as saying that only one type of boat should be
used or one type of paddler. I hope that helps to clarify things.

>You also seem to suggest that Clark is implying that manoeuvrability is
>a variable that cannot be controlled independently of tracking
>stiffness. Nothing he has said implies this.  There are, however, limits
>to the extent to which tracking and manoeuvrability can be varied
>independently. If you disagree with this, then we could really use your
>design talents to design a boat that is as manoeuvrable as a Dagger
>Redline and as stiff-tracking as Seda Glider.

What I said was that the boat could be designed to offset (or augment) a
specific paddling style and that fact suggests that the balance between
what one aspect of the system does and what another does is variable. Yes,
there appear to be limits to what design can accomplish but are there not
limits to what strokes can accomplish? Are there not limits to what
paddlers
can accomplish? Is it not possible that each element can work with the
others to achieve an end and the combinations can be infinitely variable?

>You seem to feel that Clark is dismissing design as unimportant, which
>no doubt rubs you (as a designer) the wrong way.  I read Clark's piece
>quite differently.  He is not saying that design is irrelevant, he is
>simply stating that design is secondary in importance to technique. I
>agree with him. Whether or not you agree, you cannot disprove this by
>pointing out that there are significant differences between designs.


You may have got the wrong impression about what I said coming from your
background as a non designer. It is possible to disprove Clark's 80 percent
comment simply by showing that a boat can be designed that can offset a
particular technique thus varying the percentage of importance. Of course,
it would be nice to know how he arrived at his numbers. In fact, Dan
commented that he didn't know if his numbers were correct.

To Clark and Dan (and others) design may be secondary to technique. To some
one else (and maybe a lot of others) that may not be the case.

My issue is the heavy bias towards technique and the virtual ignoring of
how boats, people, and objectives vary. This cavalier attitude toward the
other elements in the boat/paddler combination and the variability in
objectives seems to surface when ever experts get involved. As I pointed
out, I tend to get wrapped up in design related aspects of paddling and
have to hold myself in check (although I am hardly an expert). While Clark
may be quite right about the proper stroke (I pointed out that I agreed
with much of what Clark said on that) he appeared to ignore that there are
many ways to skin this particular cat and they might have equal or even
greater viability.

Nick wrote;

> I recently installed a retractable skeg in a customer's (Donna) boat. She
>likes it and she says it helps her. I finally got a chance to try it
>myself, and I decided I felt more in control with it retracted than with
it
>deployed. So when Donna paddles the boat she finds it easier to control
>with and I find it easier without. I never have any trouble with tracking
>with this design and deploying the skeg makes fine tuning more difficult,
>where Donna does not have the skills yet to maintain the more gross
control
>over the boat in adverse conditions, so the skeg provides that for her. I
>predict she will use the skeg less as she gets a better feel for how the
>boat responds.

This provides a good example of how the boat can compensate for stroke
mechanics or strength. Donna may decide to stop using the skeg but some
people will not and some might even gravitate to a rudder. The importance
of strokes and equipment gets blurred with objectives and circumstances.

If any of you read that I denigrated the importance of the stroke, let me
put you at ease before you get your shorts in a knot. I consider all
elements of paddling important. I am not knowledgeable enough to say that
one is more important than the other but do feel that all are important to
varying degrees depending on conditions and objectives. Some may find
solace in their stroke while others may find solace in their boat, stroke
and person.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/




Since all of us come from different backgrounds it can be expected that we
will read a piece differently. Perhaps we can reach a consensus by stating
our own cases and clarifying why we seem to extract different meanings.




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From: Dan Hagen <dan_at_hagen.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1998 08:03:15 -0700
John Winters wrote:

> ...<BIG SNIP>... 
> What I said was that the boat could be designed to offset (or augment) a
> specific paddling style and that fact suggests that the balance between
> what one aspect of the system does and what another does is variable. Yes,
> there appear to be limits to what design can accomplish but are there not
> limits to what strokes can accomplish? Are there not limits to what
> paddlers
> can accomplish? Is it not possible that each element can work with the
> others to achieve an end and the combinations can be infinitely variable?

We are in complete agreement on the above, particularly since you have
stated it as achieving "an end" (i.e., tracking). But once again it
seems to me that you are missing Clark's point. Of course a boat can be
designed to compensate for an inefficient paddling stroke that imparts a
strong turning force. Clark makes this very point. His contention is
that in doing so, you give up something else--some degree of
maneuverability. In other words, there is not *an* end, there are
multiple ends or objectives. In the design of the boat there are
tradeoffs between these objectives. While a stiff-tracking boat can be
made more or less maneuverable, improvements in the design with respect
to maneuverability can only partially compensate for the high tracking
stiffness. In short, while there are "two ways to skin a cat", not all
ways of "skinning the cat" are equally desirable.      

> Dan wrote:
> >You seem to feel that Clark is dismissing design as unimportant, which
> >no doubt rubs you (as a designer) the wrong way.  I read Clark's piece
> >quite differently.  He is not saying that design is irrelevant, he is
> >simply stating that design is secondary in importance to technique. I
> >agree with him. Whether or not you agree, you cannot disprove this by
> >pointing out that there are significant differences between designs.

John responded:

> You may have got the wrong impression about what I said coming from your
> background as a non designer. It is possible to disprove Clark's 80 percent
> comment simply by showing that a boat can be designed that can offset a
> particular technique thus varying the percentage of importance. Of course,
> it would be nice to know how he arrived at his numbers. In fact, Dan
> commented that he didn't know if his numbers were correct.

You have redefined the problem. Here and in your earlier comments (which
I snipped) you seem to be interpreting this 80% as a figure that applies
to a given boat. This misses the point. (The figure is meant to apply
across a population of boats and paddlers.) You also seem to be missing
the point by taking the numbers literally. Edison said that "Invention
is 10% inspiration and 90% perspiration". It would be a bit
off-the-point to ask him how he came up with these exact numbers.
Moreover, Edison is not implying that inspiration is unimportant for
invention. He was simply pointing out that, in the end, invention
involves more drudgery than inspiration. There is no point in debating
whether 90% is the correct figure.

John continues:
> 
> To Clark and Dan (and others) design may be secondary to technique. To some
> one else (and maybe a lot of others) that may not be the case.
> 
> My issue is the heavy bias towards technique and the virtual ignoring of
> how boats, people, and objectives vary. This cavalier attitude toward the
> other elements in the boat/paddler combination and the variability in
> objectives seems to surface when ever experts get involved. ...<SNIP>...

We must have read different articles. I didn't get this at all from what
Clark is saying. I would summarize his central points as follows:

(1) Many paddlers seem to feel that boat design is the key to boat
control, and that if they are having problems with tracking, the key is
to buy a stiffer-tracking boat. But there is a another way to "skin the
cat" --the development of an improved stroke. This latter approach has
the advantage of allowing paddlers to use boats that are more playful,
and yet still achieve good tracking. The key to finding this "better
way" begins with the recognition that the paddler is the most important
element in boat control.

(2) One way to achieve proper tracking is by using the forward stroke
described in the article. Clark says that if you follow his approach,
you can achieve proper tracking without resorting to a stiff-tracking
boat. He does not say that his stroke is the only stroke that will allow
you to accomplish this. Nor does he say that you should never vary your
stroke.   

I agree with the above. It strikes me as very sensible. Perhaps Clark's
tone turns people off, but the basic message is very sound. Implicit in
his article is the notion that design is very important. He favors
playful designs over stiff-tracking designs. If he thought that all
designs were equally good, he could not favor one type of design over
another. I see no "cavalier" disregard for design, or any other element
in the system. What I see is an attack on the all-too-frequent cavalier
disregard for the importance of technique.   

Dan Hagen
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From: Gerald Foodman <klagjf_at_worldnet.att.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1998 08:46:06 -0700
>(1) Many paddlers seem to feel that boat design is the key to boat
>control, and that if they are having problems with tracking, the key is
>to buy a stiffer-tracking boat. But there is a another way to "skin the
>cat" --the development of an improved stroke. >



 Implicit in
>his article is the notion that design is very important. He favors
>playful designs over stiff-tracking designs.

Consider the Eddyline Raven (used without rudder) and the Mariner Express.
Both are playful designs.  Neither is stiff tracking.  Both are easy to
turn.  Yet the Express is infinitely easier to control down weather.

The comparisons should not be made between stiff tracking and playful
designs.  Rather between good and poor designs within a tracking category.

Jerry

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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Paddling in a Straight Line
Date: Mon, 12 Oct 1998 12:39:30 -0400
Dan wrote;

)SNIP)

>
>We are in complete agreement on the above, particularly since you have
>stated it as achieving "an end" (i.e., tracking). But once again it
>seems to me that you are missing Clark's point.

Well, I think, we will have to agree to disagree about Clark's point. I
read without trying to read between the lines since I don't know him
and could not assume to know what he really meant.

(SNIP)

> While a stiff-tracking boat can be
>made more or less manoeuvrable, improvements in the design with respect
>to manoeuvrability can only partially compensate for the high tracking
>stiffness.

In this case you have the advantage over me because I don't know what can't
be done nor do I know the definition of  "high tracking stiffness" or when
it ceases to be high and becomes moderate or whatever.


>You have redefined the problem. Here and in your earlier comments (which
>I snipped) you seem to be interpreting this 80% as a figure that applies
>to a given boat.


I think you misread me. I was talking about a range of boats also. In a
later post I tried to demonstrate that the range was quite wide. Perhaps
that post did not come through quickly enough.


>This misses the point. (The figure is meant to apply
>across a population of boats and paddlers.) You also seem to be missing
>the point by taking the numbers literally.

You may have missed my point by assuming that I took his figure literally.

>(1) Many paddlers seem to feel that boat design is the key to boat
>control, and that if they are having problems with tracking, the key is
>to buy a stiffer-tracking boat. But there is a another way to "skin the
>cat" --the development of an improved stroke. This latter approach has
>the advantage of allowing paddlers to use boats that are more playful,
>and yet still achieve good tracking. The key to finding this "better
>way" begins with the recognition that the paddler is the most important
>element in boat control.

Maybe you read a different article or at least interpreted what he said
differently. Could your interpretation have been influenced in some way by
your experience and personal opinions? :-)

>
>(2) One way to achieve proper tracking is by using the forward stroke
>described in the article. Clark says that if you follow his approach,
>you can achieve proper tracking without resorting to a stiff-tracking
>boat. He does not say that his stroke is the only stroke that will allow
>you to accomplish this. Nor does he say that you should never vary your
>stroke.

Maybe we did read the same article. :-)

>
>I agree with the above. It strikes me as very sensible. Perhaps Clark's
>tone turns people off, but the basic message is very sound. Implicit in
>his article is the notion that design is very important. He favors
>playful designs over stiff-tracking designs. If he thought that all
>designs were equally good, he could not favor one type of design over
>another. I see no "cavalier" disregard for design, or any other element
>in the system. What I see is an attack on the all-too-frequent cavalier
>disregard for the importance of technique.

Maybe we didn't read the same article. :-)

Oh well, that's life. :-)

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/





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