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From: Joshua Teitelbaum <teitelba_at_post.tau.ac.il>
subject: [Paddlewise] Boat Visibility: The USCG Answers
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2000 12:00:52 +0200
[I'm sending this again because I don't think the first one made it.  If it 
did, please excuse the double posting.]

Dear Paddlewise and all those who weighed in privately and here on the Boat 
Visibility Thread:

First thanks to all those who contributed to this.  Some liked blue, others 
preferred yellow, but Ralph, Vinny, Dave, and David mentioned international 
orange and this is what the Coast Guard seems to prefer.  Also, many 
mentioned the importance of visible paddles and PFD.

I decided to ask the USCG.  As you can see, was kicked around the USCG for 
a while.  They apparently have no official policy on colors, but 
unofficially they prefer international orange.

One more word here.  Visibility is super important.  But you also have to 
LIKE the color you choose, since you have to live with it.  I've just 
ordered and NDK Romany Explorer from Nigel in Wales, and the color I have 
chosen is a a blue, close to what Matt and others have described.  Both 
hull and deck.

Below you will find the entire correspondence between me and the USCG and 
within the USCG.  I made the initial contact via their web page.  They only 
took a week to get back to me, and I think that is pretty good 
service.  There are some good addresses there for further inquiries, too.

Safe kayaking, folks.

Josh

=======================================

From: "Mandler, Marc Dr." <MMandler_at_rdc.uscg.mil>
To: "'teitelba_at_post.tau.ac.il'" <teitelba_at_post.tau.ac.il>
Cc: "Schaefer, Richard" <RSchaefer_at_comdt.uscg.mil>,
         "Cundy, Don" <DCundy_at_rdc.uscg.mil>,
         "Purvis, Gregory LT" <GPurvis_at_comdt.uscg.mil>,
         "Allen, Art" <AAllen_at_rdc.uscg.mil>,
         "Neprud, Kirk CWO" <KNeprud_at_comdt.uscg.mil>,
         "Jensen, Keith MCPO" <KJensen_at_comdt.uscg.mil>
Subject: FW: Most visible color for small boats
Date: Tue, 12 Dec 2000 07:49:00 -0500
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Josh-
The answer to the question of which color is best for a sea kayak is quite
complicated. The conspicuousness, detection distance and recognition
distance of colors vary with both the background against which colors are
viewed and the lighting conditions (direct sun, overcast, dusk, etc.) Let me
give an example to highlight the complexity fo the problem. A bright white
kayak might be quite visible to another kayaker if the white kayak were
viewed against a dark, forested background. Against this forested background
the white kayak would be most visible when the sun was directly behind the
observer, such that a large portion of the light reflected from the white
kayak came back in the direction of the observer. If this same white kayak
were on the horizon against an overcast (white) sky, it would be much less
visible. Similarly, from the air, a white kayak would  be quite visible if
the water were calm, but add white caps to the water and a white kayak could
become indistiguishable from the background.

While I cannot point to any single study to prove this point, the color,
international orange appears to be one of the best selections for colors in
a maritime environment, as it creates contrast with the background against
which it is viewed in maost circumstances. The greater the contrast between
a color and its background the more visible the color. Contrast can be in
the form of brightness differences or color diffences. International orange
tends to provide the greatest color contrast in the majority of situations.
A large body of evidence, some done internationally, some done by the Naval
Submarine Research Lab in Groton, CT and some done by me all converge on an
an answer that bright (international) orange is the way to go. Bright orange
will not be the most visible color in most situations, but appears to be a
color that maintains a reasonable level of visibility in nearly all
situations.

Hope this helps. Happy kayaking. Don't forget your personal flotation device
and a radio or cell phone.

Marc B. Mandler, Ph.D.
Technical Director, USCG R&D Center
1082 Shennecossett Road
Groton, CT 06340-6096
voice 860.441.2615
fax 860.441.2792
mmandler_at_rdc.uscg.mil
http://www.rdc.uscg.mil


-----Original Message-----
From: Cundy, Don
Sent: Monday, December 11, 2000 4:15 PM
To: Mandler, Marc Dr.
Subject: FW: Most visible color for small boats


Marc,
Do you of a study that answers this question?

Donald F. Cundy
Chief, Maritime Operations Technology Division
U.S. Coast Guard Research & Development Center
1082 Shennecossett Road
Groton, CT 06340

(860) 441-2610



-----Original Message-----
From: Purvis, Gregory LT
Sent: Friday, December 08, 2000 8:19 AM
To: Allen, Art; Cundy, Don; Neprud, Kirk CWO; Jensen, Keith MCPO;
Markle, Robert
Subject: FW: Most visible color for small boats


Good Morning,
   Do any of you have any idea or are aware of any studies that have been
done on what colors are the most visible in locating objects or etc?


v/r
LT Greg Purvis
Office of Search and Rescue (G-OPR-1)
Email: gpurvis_at_comdt.uscg.mil
Phone: 202 267-1559
Fax:    202 267-4418


-----Original Message-----
From: Schaefer, Richard
Sent: Friday, December 08, 2000 6:57 AM
To: Purvis, Gregory LT
Subject: FW: Most visible color for small boats


Greg, we've had similar inquiries on colors in the past.  Can you please
answer this.  The survival folks may have some kind of lead, or perhaps the
R&DC.  Seems since the orange is prescribed for many things (life vests,
hunting clothes, etc) that somewhere people have determined it is the best
choice.  Problem is pinning down the info.  Makes me wonder if there is
anything on the itnernet on studies of color visibilities (lots of
universities may have done research).

Richard R. Schaefer
Office of Search and Rescue
U.S. Coast Guard
G-OPR-1, rm 3106
202-267-1089
rschaefer_at_comdt.uscg.mil


-----Original Message-----
From: Joshua Teitelbaum [mailto:teitelba_at_post.tau.ac.il]
Sent: Monday, December 04, 2000 4:34 AM
To: Schaefer, Richard
Subject: Most visible color for small boats


Dear Mr. Schaefer:

I received  your e-mail address from William Perry of the USCG Information
Line.  I'm wondering if you could help me, in your capacity in the Search
and Rescue Department at Coast Guard HQ in DC.

What is the most visible color for a boat, day and night? I have heard
yellow, international orange, and light blue.

There is a lot of talk amongst kayakers that the Coast Guard has carried
out research on this subject, but I could not
find anything authoritative.

I am purchasing a sea kayak, and want to be visible if I get separated
from my partner, or if, God forbid, I need to be rescued.

Thanks much.

Josh Teitelbaum

==============================================================================
Dr. Joshua Teitelbaum, Research Fellow               Tel: [972] 3-640-6448
Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and        Fax: [972] 3-641-5802
   African Studies
Tel Aviv University
Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978  Israel
E-mail:teitelba_at_ccsg.tau.ac.il
www.dayan.org
==============================================================================

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