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From: <Bhansen97_at_aol.com>
subject: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date: Tue, 6 Apr 1999 16:29:09 EDT
Uh oh - I've missed something basic again. What is "aspect ratio" as it 
applies to paddles? I need a really basic, practical description. This is a 
new concept to me - ove which has probably been explained in group postings 
and which I either overlooked or never understood in the beginning. - Bill 
Hansen
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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1999 06:19:00 -0400
>Uh oh - I've missed something basic again. What is "aspect ratio" as it
>applies to paddles? I need a really basic, practical description. This is
a
>new concept to me - ove which has probably been explained in group
postings
>and which I either overlooked or never understood in the beginning.

We call the ratio of blade length to blade width the aspect ratio.
Aeronautical engineers use the term in describing the characteristics of
wings, propellers etc. Paddles with narrow long blades have high aspects
ratios and paddles with short wide blades have low aspect ratios. The use
of the terms "high" and "low" lack precision but work well enough when
people have some familiarity with the object under discussion.

Most paddlers would call a paddle with an aspect ratio of approximately 4:1
or less a low aspect ratio paddle anything above a high aspect ratio
paddle. Nit pickers might prefer a moderate aspect ratio range as well.

The aspect ratio primarily affects lift and drag. In general, higher aspect
ratios generate greater lift with lower drag and low aspect ratios generate
greater drag with less lift. So, the ideal aspect ratio for a paddle
depends upon how it will get used (stroke mechanics). Ideally one would try
to achieve the greatest thrust per unit area to minimize the paddle size.
Sail boat designers have a similar challenge in designing sailing rigs. For
windward work they seek to reduce drag but increase lift. For off wind work
they increase drag (spinnakers etc.) and try to optimize both drag and
lift.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/



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From: Jack Martin <jcmartin43_at_radix.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1999 10:00:27 -0400
From:           	"John Winters" <735769_at_ican.net>
To:             	<paddlewise_at_lists.intelenet.net>
Subject:        	Re: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date sent:      	Wed, 7 Apr 1999 06:19:00 -0400

> Paddles with narrow long blades have high aspects
> ratios and paddles with short wide blades have low aspect ratios. The use
> of the terms "high" and "low" lack precision but work well enough when
> people have some familiarity with the object under discussion.
> 

Another way to think of it is that aircraft like sailplanes --- gliders --- 
have very high aspect ratio wings, long and thin, as does the U-2 
spy plane; can go high, stay high with little fuel expended.  Not 
fast, but tremendous endurance.  Like the Greenland paddle.  And 
then there's helicopters --- long, thin wings that you whip around 
over your head --- on your rotorhead, that is --- to achieve lift.  Not 
fast, but surprisingly efficient.  Igor Sikorsky called it a rotating 
wing assembly, and Sikorsky drawings still refer to it in this term.  
Fascinating, huh?  And all this based on Greenland paddles!

Actually, I was hoping Professor Inverbon might have some 
interesting etymological information on the derivative of the word 
"Toksook".

Jack Martin
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From: Julio MacWilliams <juliom_at_cisco.com>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1999 09:27:34 -0700 (PDT)
Jach Martin wrote:
> fast, but surprisingly efficient.  Igor Sikorsky called it a rotating 
> wing assembly, and Sikorsky drawings still refer to it in this term.  
> Fascinating, huh?  And all this based on Greenland paddles!

Actually the rotating wing assembly that inspired the helicopter
was invented by the Spanish inventor De La Cierva.  He invented the
autogiro in the first half of this century--an aircraft almost identical 
to the helicopter except for that the engine moves a front propeler, 
not the rotor.  

As most Europeans know, Spain is the favorite summer vacation country
of most northern cultures.  Thousands of Sweedish, Norwegians, Icelanders,
Finnish, Germans, British, Danish, etc, move to Spain during the summer. 
Not surprisingly, the warm shores of the Spanish Mediterranean shore
are also the favorite summer residence of the Greenlanders. They would
take their paddles with them every summer.

Strong evidence suggests that De La Cierva borrowed a few paddles from
the Greenlanders, during a summer vacation, to make the rotor of his
autogiro.

The presence of Greenland paddles in the Mediterranean has had other
consequences. The Medici also spent their summer vacation in Spain
attracted by the beutiful Nordic blondes that take sun baths on the beach
with minimum attire.  They noticed the highly efficient Greenland paddles
and took the idea back to Venize for their gondolas.  Hence the long
tradition of long narrow blades of the gondoliers.

- Julio
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From: John Winters <735769_at_ican.net>
subject: Re: [Paddlewise] aspect ratio?
Date: Wed, 7 Apr 1999 10:30:52 -0400
Jack wrote;


>Another way to think of it is that aircraft like sailplanes ---
gliders ---
>have very high aspect ratio wings, long and thin, as does the U-2
>spy plane; can go high, stay high with little fuel expended.  Not
>fast, but tremendous endurance.  Like the Greenland paddle.  And
>then there's helicopters --- long, thin wings that you whip around
>over your head --- on your rotorhead, that is --- to achieve lift.  Not
>fast, but surprisingly efficient.  Igor Sikorsky called it a rotating
>wing assembly, and Sikorsky drawings still refer to it in this term.
>Fascinating, huh?  And all this based on Greenland paddles!

One has to use care when applying this kind of thing. For example, gliders
require high lift but low drag. The use of paddles more closely resembles
sailing on a broad reach where one wants to maximize thrust. In so doing
one seeks to optimize both drag and lift components in which case a lower
aspect ratio paddle ala the racing wing paddle has greater efficiency. This
all ignores the further complication of wave making.

Applying the helicopter rotor also falls short since they work as high
speed lifting foils. The low speed, low load ship propellor fits the
paddling model more accurately.  One can see the differences in
applicatioin by comparing high speed ship propellors and low speed ship
propellors. High speed propellors generally have higher aspect ratios.
Mind, super cavitating propellors alter circumstances but not many paddlers
I know can cause supercavitation with a paddle and I sure wouldn't want to
tick a person off that could. :-)

In any case, I don't think the high aspect ratio paddles of the Arctic
influenced either since the objectives differ so much.

Cheers,
John Winters
Redwing Designs
Specialists in Human Powered Watercraft
http://home.ican.net/~735769/





Actually, I was hoping Professor Inverbon might have some
interesting etymological information on the derivative of the word
"Toksook".

Jack Martin


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