Paddlewisers, Earlier this week, I did a 3-day crossing/island hopping trip, and during the 18 nautical mile crossing back, I had one of those crossings that reminds me of why I like crossings so much. During the last 4 hours of the 5.5 hour crossing back, I was in thick fog. I really like how fog turns the visual world into one of sounds. I didn't bring a GPS on this solo trip, so it was up to me and my compass. Halfway across the channel is an oil rig, and with it's fog horn, I used it as a navigational stepping stone. Closer to shore, the fog horn at the harbor I was heading for helped zero me in. I aimed a bit left, found the surf zone, and followed it for a few minutes to the harbor jetty. The fog was still so thick, I never saw the outside break wall. Don't need no stinking GPS! My photo journal of the trip is at: http://duane.smugmug.com/Other/AnaCruzCrossings/9499584 Duane Southern California *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Duane, At the risk of repeating a response of mine to one of your earlier trip descriptions, are you not terrified of being run over by a large ship when crossing the lanes in fog? Jerry > Paddlewisers, > > Earlier this week, I did a 3-day crossing/island hopping trip, and during > the 18 nautical mile crossing back, I had one of those crossings that > reminds me of why I like crossings so much. > > During the last 4 hours of the 5.5 hour crossing back, I was in thick fog. > I really like how fog turns the visual world into one of sounds. I didn't > bring a GPS on this solo trip, so it was up to me and my compass. Halfway > across the channel is an oil rig, and with it's fog horn, I used it as a > navigational stepping stone. > > Closer to shore, the fog horn at the harbor I was heading for helped zero > me in. I aimed a bit left, found the surf zone, and followed it for a few > minutes to the harbor jetty. The fog was still so thick, I never saw the > outside break wall. > > Don't need no stinking GPS! > > My photo journal of the trip is at: > > http://duane.smugmug.com/Other/AnaCruzCrossings/9499584 > > Duane > Southern California *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
On Sun, Sep 6, 2009 at 11:59 AM, Jerry F <gfoodma_at_earthlink.net> wrote: > Duane, > At the risk of repeating a response of mine to one of your earlier trip > descriptions, are you not terrified of being run over by a large ship when > crossing the lanes in fog? > > I have transited that area in tankers many times and *I* would be somewhat concerned about a foggy crossing in a kayak. However, on the plus side, it's a very busy channel and the watch is well aware of the risks so they probably station an AB forward with a radio plus they have their foghorn going plus they are talking to VTS. If Duane has his VHF on he can hear the VTS traffic information and tell them when he's in the traffic lanes. Or he could if he had his GPS with him. :P Craig Jungers Moses Lake, WA www.nwkayaking.net *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
While I know not to count on folks talking or listening on VHF, what channel might be used for such talk from tanker/container ship -- 16 or some more dedicated channel? -----Original Message----- From: owner-paddlewise_at_paddlewise.net [mailto:owner-paddlewise_at_paddlewise.net] On Behalf Of Craig Jungers Sent: Sunday, September 06, 2009 1:28 PM To: Jerry F Cc: Duane Strosaker; Paddlewise Subject: Re: [Paddlewise] Foggy Crossing On Sun, Sep 6, 2009 at 11:59 AM, Jerry F <gfoodma_at_earthlink.net> wrote: > Duane, > At the risk of repeating a response of mine to one of your earlier trip > descriptions, are you not terrified of being run over by a large ship when > crossing the lanes in fog? > > I have transited that area in tankers many times and *I* would be somewhat concerned about a foggy crossing in a kayak. However, on the plus side, it's a very busy channel and the watch is well aware of the risks so they probably station an AB forward with a radio plus they have their foghorn going plus they are talking to VTS. If Duane has his VHF on he can hear the VTS traffic information and tell them when he's in the traffic lanes. Or he could if he had his GPS with him. :P *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
On Sun, Sep 6, 2009 at 4:12 PM, John Clinton <jcbikeski_at_gmail.com> wrote: > While I know not to count on folks talking or listening on VHF, what > channel > might be used for such talk from tanker/container ship -- 16 or some more > dedicated channel? > > It's important to know that vessels participating in the VTS systems in the USA are specifically exempt from monitoring channel 16 so calling them on that channel is probably futile. Channel 13 is the "bridge-to-bridge" channel and is generally used to negotiate passing/meeting/crossing strategies. So channel 13 would be one of the choices. Secondly, contrary to popular opinion small vessels and/or hand propelled vessels do NOT have the right-of-way over power or sailing vessels. At least not in Federally controlled waterways (basically, any waters which carry international shipping - which are waters with buoys and lights maintained by the USCG). In some states they do... just to keep things interesting... but on "navgable" waters they (meaning you) do not have any specific rights at all over anything; including a sailboat. I really think that kayakers (or all boaters) should familiarize themselves with the VTS system they are paddling in. For instance, in Puget Sound virtually the entire water territory is "VTS" although there are major lanes and turning points that are marked specifically on charts. As far as frequencies and specific VTS instructions each VTS area (Seattle, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles/Long Beach, etc.) operates on its own channels. You can, however, usually get all the instructions via a web search. For instance when I searched for "santa barbara channel vts" I found this: http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/UserManual.pdf which covers the "Los Angeles-Long Beach Vessel Traffic Service" which does not actually cover the area Duane was paddlling. But I guess it's good enough. I tried finding charts on my computer but I don't have any of that area in order to get the specific wording of the VTS system. This particular document specifies both channel 13 *and* channel 14 for bridge-to-bridge (which is why it's vital for paddlers to know something about the VTS system they're using... they're all different and use different frequencies/channels for communications) in addition to other channels, depending upon which "sector" the vessel is in, for communication with the VTS control center. Non-particiapating vessels (this would be you as a kayaker) are highly encouraged to monitor the frequencies and communicate with VTS control and/or the specific vessels. This doesn't mean announcing your presence to every boat you see but it does mean you should let someone know that you are there. I've had kayaks call me and ask me to tell VTS where they are since their hand-held radios would not reach. Once VTS control knows about you they can issue cautions to any vessels in the system; often vessels you haven't seen yet. You are also encouraged to cross the traffic lanes (usually marked on the charts) at a right angle in order to get across them as fast as possible. Do not assume vessels will only be in the traffic lanes! They can be anywhere in the area depending on their needs and the needs of VTS operators. As far as I know at the present time kayakers are not required to participate as active participants in any of the US VTS schemes. But I'll bet there will come a day when we are; especially if there are serious incidents between small vessels and large vessels in which the small vessels are in the wrong and some serious damage or loss of life results. So it pays to have some inkling of what is going as as you move back and forth (or up and down) these waters. Violations of the rules in these monitored waters can carry fines and other punishments. In California there are state laws which mandate how the vessels inside VTS waters behave so this is something to pay attention to as well. Hope this helps a little. Crag Jungers Moses Lake, WA www.nwkayaking.net *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Jerry and All, Most definitely, foggy crossings are more dangerous. My forecast that day was for patchy fog. As it turned out, four hours or around 13 nautical miles is not patchy. But I probably still would've done the crossing with a worse forecast for fog. Traffic, not navigation, is my biggest concern in the fog. Not having strong currents and aiming off makes the navigation pretty easy. Like I always say, it's not the big ships that scare me. They are really good about sounding their fog horns, and even if they aren't, the ships have a pretty loud hum, making it easy to identify where they are at. They also go pretty straight, making it easy to get out of their way. The smaller, high speed boats scare me. Fortunately, they don't venture out in the fog much. But sometimes you get caught in the fog with them. I can hear them coming for miles. On this crossing, I heard the hum and fog horn of a ship in the north bound lane, and I could easily hear it was going to pass far behind me. Later, I heard a smaller boat, which I think was a sport fishing party boat, going about 15 knots. For a while I heard it coming pretty much head on, so I knew it was going to be close. Visibility was about 50 yards at that point, so I turned sideways to be ready to move either way out of its way and stopped paddling to tune in better to the sound. Quickly, I was about to tell it was passing to one side. I could hear people talking on the boat, but I never saw it. These channels down here are pretty big, and surprisingly, there isn't much traffic in them. I think crossing a small crowded lake in the fog would be much more dangerous. People have different ways of doing things. I think using a radio to try stay out of trouble wastes a lot of valuable time that could more reliably be used listening and paddling to get out of the way. I know roughly by time and speed when I'm around the shipping lanes, but I treat the whole channel like a shipping lane and assume no one sees. That foggy crossing is among my favorites, because it's amazing how much more you tune into sound when you can't see. When you stop paddling and listen occasionally, it's amazing how much you can hear. For at least a couple hours, I heard the rumble of surf and car traffic on the coast. As I came closer, I was shocked how loud the coast really is. It was like someone put a microphone on it and cranked up the amplifier. Duane Southern California *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Duane Strosaker wrote: > That foggy crossing is among my favorites, because it's amazing how much > more you tune into sound when you can't see. When you stop paddling and > listen occasionally, it's amazing how much you can hear. For at least a > couple hours, I heard the rumble of surf and car traffic on the coast. > As I came closer, I was shocked how loud the coast really is. It was > like someone put a microphone on it and cranked up the amplifier. Duane, I have only done a couple longer foggy crossings, both within the confines of the Lower Columbia River, albeit in many places it is some 4-5 miles bank to bank! Never enough traffic around to worry about it much. But, I did get vertigo once; not really anything like mal de mer, but definitely a disorientation. This was in very thin fog, with a lot of all-around illumination. Very eerie. Not at all like the pea soup stuff, which I somehow find comforting. Question: you ever suffer anything like that? Any of your companions? BTW, like you, I feel pretty confident when crossing my "home" waters. And, timing my runs and keeping my ears about me seemed to work pretty well for navigating, when current was minimal. We get typical currents of a couple knots on the ebb many places, and not always consistent with the current atlas, so you could get pretty lost in current around here. Sometimes currents will run up to 3-4 knots, usually confined to an area half a mile across or less, complicated by quarter-mile-long pile dikes (aka strainers from hell) in places. One foggy downriver jaunt danced past the tips of three or four of these, with current assist. Definitely a day for relying on the GPS! -- Dave Kruger Astoria, OR *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Dave K., I've never felt any motion sickness in fog. Although I do see how when the fog blends in with the horizon line people can be more prone to motion sickness. I did have a friend suffer motion sickness on a 40 nautical mile overnight crossing, but he hung tough and kept paddling. Generally, I avoid crossings with people who have a history of being seasick in a kayak. Towing is miserable work. Forty NM overnight crossing report: http://www.rollordrown.com/sbi.html I agree that in areas of small targets, currents, and low visibility, a GPS is a must, at the very least for back up, with checks on progress before potentially getting in trouble. I also agree that navigating in familiar waters is much easier. I'd be much more cautious in strange waters. Duane Southern California *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
I suppose this is as good a time as any for another story. Its possibly apocryphal but I've been around boats and ships a long time and I almost believe it. This didn't actually happen to me but I'm going to tell it in the first person anyway because.... well.... I want to. I was on watch on the bridge of the M.V. Oregon State enroute from San Francisco to Prince William Sound following the rhumb line course headed about 300 true. As Chief Mate I had the dog watch (12 to 4; both am and pm) and it was about halfway through my watch. We were just north of the Cape Flattery (although we could not see it since we were about 300 nm offshore). This is what you might call an interesting area as the great circle route from Asia intersects the rhumb line (straight) course too/from SFO and Alaska somewhere around here. Much farther north and you don't see many container ships... much farther south and you don't see any factory trawlers. There are always the smaller (under 100-ft) fishing boats though... mostly tuna trollers. At any rate, while the ocean was by no means crowded it also paid to keep your eyes open in all directions. I got another cup of coffee and walked over to the CAS to see what was up. The CAS is a handy device as it uses radar to plot courses and future positions of both one's own vessel and any other vessels in range. CAS stands for Collision Avoidance System. I could see another vessel at the edge of the screen but the computer in the CAS had not yet figured out a plot so I grabbed the binocular and tried to find the other ship. No luck. Fifteen minutes later the CAS showed a potential colllision but since I was the "stand-on" vessel I held my course and speed and watched the situation develop. As the other ship drew closer I could see that it was an older bulk cargo vessel headed SE'ly apparently on the great-circle route from Asia. I was not overly concerned as it was quite likely the officer on watch also saw me and would soon correct his course to pass astern. Another five minutes later and I was able to see into the windows on the other bridge and was now somewhat concerned as there was no one there. I could see a dog bouncing up and down and apparently making quite a ruckus however. But the ship drew closer and closer with no sign of any human activity on the bridge. Just as I was about to disengage the autopilot and make a sharp turn to starboard I saw a person appear on the bridge of the oncoming ship. I watched through my binoculars as he took one look at my ship, went over to disengage his autopilot, make a turn to starboard to pass astern of me, re-engage the autopilot, pet the dog, and disappear below. It never pays to assume that they see you in time. All you can do is hope they have a well-trained dog on watch. Craig Jungers Moses Lake, WA www.nwkayaking..net *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Hence the long-standing term "dog watch." GaryJ Craig Jungers wrote: > It never pays to assume that they see you in time. All you can do is hope > they have a well-trained dog on watch. *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
And do you know why it is called the "dog watch"? Because it is "cur-tailed"! As per Stephen Maturin of the "Master and Commander" series -----Original Message----- Hence the long-standing term "dog watch." GaryJ Craig Jungers wrote: > It never pays to assume that they see you in time. All you can do is hope > they have a well-trained dog on watch. *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Yeah Jerry, I've mentioned this to Duane too a few times; however, he seems to do more than well with his audio cues. Those less experienced at kayak crossings (across those channels), of course, would be better to err on the side of a more cautioned navigational approach. I tend to shy away from foggy crossing where I live as there's just too much current to also contend with. > Duane, > At the risk of repeating a response of mine to one of your earlier trip > descriptions, are you not terrified of being run over by a large ship when > crossing the lanes in fog? > > Jerry > >> Paddlewisers, >> >> Earlier this week, I did a 3-day crossing/island hopping trip, and during >> the 18 nautical mile crossing back, I had one of those crossings that >> reminds me of why I like crossings so much. >> >> During the last 4 hours of the 5.5 hour crossing back, I was in thick >> fog. I really like how fog turns the visual world into one of sounds. I >> didn't bring a GPS on this solo trip, so it was up to me and my compass. >> Halfway across the channel is an oil rig, and with it's fog horn, I used >> it as a navigational stepping stone. >> >> Closer to shore, the fog horn at the harbor I was heading for helped zero >> me in. I aimed a bit left, found the surf zone, and followed it for a few >> minutes to the harbor jetty. The fog was still so thick, I never saw the >> outside break wall. >> >> Don't need no stinking GPS! >> >> My photo journal of the trip is at: >> >> http://duane.smugmug.com/Other/AnaCruzCrossings/9499584 >> >> Duane >> Southern California *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
About 20 years ago, about 1/3 of the way crossing Rosario Strait in the San Juans from the north end of Cyprus to Orcas, I looked north and saw a towed barge heading my way. The barge was twice the size of Mongolia. I was in a double with my pregnant wife and could in no way determine if it was going to pass in front or behind me. Quite frightening, and I had no VHF. In the event it passed about 1/4 mile in front. About 3 years later I was about to cross Captains Passage in the Gulf Islands, again with my wife, though no longer pregnant. This time I had a VHF and called Vancouver Traffic, who informed that the Queen of Nanaimo was 6 minutes from exiting a blind passage and would cross my path. Exactly 6 minutes later she suddenly appeared. These giant ferries really move. I would have hated to be in the channel looking at her approach. During the crossing afterwards I heard Vancouver Traffic warning other shipping of our presence. After we crossed we so informed Vancouver Traffic, who were extremely thankful for the transmission. I was more thankful for the warning. I don't know how Duane and other So Cal paddlers cross the local shipping lanes to the islands with such confidence. But I have never heard of an incident with a ship. Jerry *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
On Thu, Sep 10, 2009 at 10:34 PM, Jerry F <gfoodma_at_earthlink.net> wrote: > > I don't know how Duane and other So Cal paddlers cross the local shipping > lanes to the islands with such confidence. But I have never heard of an > incident with a ship. > > It's only a matter of time as the sport of kayaking gains more paddlers. The real menace to large ships are windsurfers crossing the shipping channels just inside the Golden Gate. They go back and forth between San Francisco and Sausalito and often just miss being run down by ships. Latitude 38 has had some very interesting photographs. That looks like a large waterway until you look at it from the bridge of a tanker. Then there was the sailboat in New York Harbor who sailed right under my tanker's bow. I was off watch and the six blasts of the ships whistle brought me out on deck to see a 28-foot yacht only ten feet away. Guy and his wife blithely motoring along... with their two kids in the dinghy trailing behind. I suspect they thought that the smaller boat has the right of way. Craig Jungers Moses Lake, WA www.nwkayaking.net *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
On Sep 11, 2009, at 2:06 AM, Craig Jungers wrote: > > > I suspect they thought that the smaller boat has the right of way. > I was flipping through my son's drivers education material. It stated that the right of way is a gift. You don't have it until someone gives it to you. I liked that comment. Jim et al *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
I tend to be a bit more liberal with safety in open water shipping lanes, considerably more prudent in the more restricted waterways like those near Active Pass and Turn Point, and then extremely vigilant on rivers with shipping routes such as the Columbia River. I wouldn't paddle a barge myself crossing Rosario though. :-) Doug Lloyd > About 20 years ago, about 1/3 of the way crossing Rosario Strait in the > San Juans from the north end of Cyprus to Orcas, I looked north and saw a > towed barge heading my way. The barge was twice the size of Mongolia. I > was in a double with my pregnant wife and could in no way determine if it > was going to pass in front or behind me. Quite frightening, and I had no > VHF. In the event it passed about 1/4 mile in front. > > About 3 years later I was about to cross Captains Passage in the Gulf > Islands, again with my wife, though no longer pregnant. This time I had a > VHF and called Vancouver Traffic, who informed that the Queen of Nanaimo > was 6 minutes from exiting a blind passage and would cross my path. > Exactly 6 minutes later she suddenly appeared. These giant ferries really > move. I would have hated to be in the channel looking at her approach. > During the crossing afterwards I heard Vancouver Traffic warning other > shipping of our presence. After we crossed we so informed Vancouver > Traffic, who were extremely thankful for the transmission. I was more > thankful for the warning. > > I don't know how Duane and other So Cal paddlers cross the local shipping > lanes to the islands with such confidence. But I have never heard of an > incident with a ship. > > Jerry *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
Jerry, Not a bad idea to have a VHF if you are crossing ship channels. Listen to VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) on ch 14, I think. You may also telephone them at 206-217-6051 and inquire about traffic on your route. You may be asked which unit and the demarcation point in Western Washington is north or south of Smokey Point. Cheers, Rob G >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> I don't know how Duane and other So Cal paddlers cross the local shipping lanes to the islands with such confidence. But I have never heard of an incident with a ship. Jerry *************************************************************************** PaddleWise Paddling Mailing List - Any opinions or suggestions expressed here are solely those of the writer(s). You must assume the entire responsibility for reliance upon them. All postings copyright the author. Submissions: PaddleWise_at_PaddleWise.net Subscriptions: PaddleWise-request_at_PaddleWise.net Website: http://www.paddlewise.net/ ***************************************************************************
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